Methodology Used for the Detection and Identification of Microplastics—A Critical Appraisal
Open accessAbstract
Microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and especially in the marine environment represent a pollution of increasing scientific and societal concern, thus, recently a substantial number of studies on microplastics were published. Although first steps towards a standardization of methodologies used for the detection and identification of microplastics in environmental samples are made, the comparability of data on microplastics is currently hampered by a huge variety of different methodologies, which result in the generation of data of extremely different quality and resolution. This chapter reviews the methodology presently used for assessing the concentration of microplastics in the marine environment with a focus on the most convenient techniques and approaches. After an overview of non-selective sampling approaches, sample processing and treatment in the laboratory, the reader is introduced to the currently applied techniques for the identification and quantification of microplastics. The subsequent case study on microplastics in sediment samples from the North Sea measured with focal plane array (FPA)-based micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy shows that only 1.4 % of the particles visually resembling microplastics were of synthetic polymer origin. This finding emphasizes the importance of verifying the synthetic polymer origin of potential microplastics. Thus, a burning issue concerning current microplastic research is the generation of standards that allow for the assessment of reliable data on concentrations of microscopic plastic particles and the involved polymers with analytical laboratory techniques such as micro-FTIR or micro-Raman spectroscopy.
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Most studies looking at environmental samples are constrained by methods that detect larger particles (e.g., LODs of spectroscopy are generally >10μm), while many laboratory studies testing effects look at smaller particles.
“most studies looking at environmental samples are constrained by methods that detect larger particles (e.g., LODs of spectroscopy are generally >10μm),71 many laboratory studies testing effects look at smaller particles.72”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [71]
Section 8.2.1 says commonly used sampling nets do not quantitatively collect particles below 300 µm, supporting the claim that environmental studies often miss smaller particles. Section 8.4.2.4 gives a roughly 10 µm resolution for micro-FTIR, but section 8.4.2.3 says micro-Raman can identify particles below 1 µm; the paper therefore does not support a general spectroscopy limit above 10 µm. The separately cited statement about laboratory effects studies is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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“For example, most studies looking at environmental samples are constrained by methods that detect larger particles (e.g., LODs of spectroscopy are generally >10 l m), 71 many laboratory studies testing e ff ects look at smaller particles.”
- Authors
- Löder, M. G. J., & Gerdts, G.
- Affiliations
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Löder, Martin G. J.
- Venue
- Marine Anthropogenic Litter
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2015
- Pages
- 201-227
- OpenAlex
- W1936293037
- Cited by
- 796
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 38.99
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ERef Bayreuth (University of Bayreuth) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, microplastic detection, microplastic quantification, marine microplastic pollution, North Sea sediments, FTIR microspectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, sample processing, method standardization, data comparability
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