Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis in the intestinal epithelium: more than a drop in the ocean
Open accessAbstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are lipophilic hormones commonly used as therapeutics in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease due to their attributed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Although the adrenal glands are the major source of endogenous GC, there is increasing evidence for the production of extra-adrenal GC in the brain, thymus, skin, vasculature, and the intestine. However, the physiological relevance of extra-adrenal-produced GC remains still ambiguous. Therefore, this review attracts attention to discuss possible biological benefits of extra-adrenal-synthesized GC, especially focusing on the impact of locally synthesized GC in the regulation of intestinal immune responses.
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Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production occurs in the gut and other tissues, and these glucocorticoids regulate local homeostasis, cell development, and immune activation.
“Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production is known to occur in the gut and other tissues, and these glucocorticoids play a highly specific role in regulating local homeostasis, cell development, and immune activation (522–526).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [523]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Noti, M., Sidler, D., & Brunner, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Bern (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Brunner, Thomas
- Venue
- Seminars in Immunopathology
- Published
- 2009-06-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-248
- ISSN
- 1863-2297 (ISSN-L)
- 1863-2300
- OpenAlex
- W2093435421
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- boris.unibe.ch
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Seminars in Immunopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- intestinal epithelium, intestinal immune regulation, inflammatory bowel disease, glucocorticoids, anti-inflammatory activity, immunosuppression
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Animals, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Organ Specificity, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
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