Cited by 44Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseAdrenal Hormones and DisordersEstrogen and related hormone effects

Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis in the intestinal epithelium: more than a drop in the ocean

Open access
Noti, Mario, Sidler, Daniel, Brunner, Thomas·2009·Seminars in Immunopathology

Abstract

Glucocorticoids (GC) are lipophilic hormones commonly used as therapeutics in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease due to their attributed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Although the adrenal glands are the major source of endogenous GC, there is increasing evidence for the production of extra-adrenal GC in the brain, thymus, skin, vasculature, and the intestine. However, the physiological relevance of extra-adrenal-produced GC remains still ambiguous. Therefore, this review attracts attention to discuss possible biological benefits of extra-adrenal-synthesized GC, especially focusing on the impact of locally synthesized GC in the regulation of intestinal immune responses.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00281-009-0159-2

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84 of 84 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production occurs in the gut and other tissues, and these glucocorticoids regulate local homeostasis, cell development, and immune activation.

    “Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production is known to occur in the gut and other tissues, and these glucocorticoids play a highly specific role in regulating local homeostasis, cell development, and immune activation (522–526).”

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Authors
Noti, M., Sidler, D., & Brunner, T.
Affiliations
University of Bern (CH)
Corresponding author
Brunner, Thomas
Venue
Seminars in Immunopathology
Published
2009-06-03
Volume
31
Issue
2
Pages
237-248
ISSN
  • 1863-2297 (ISSN-L)
  • 1863-2300
OpenAlex
W2093435421
Cited by
44
References
84
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
FWCI
0.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Seminars in Immunopathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
  • Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords
intestinal epithelium, intestinal immune regulation, inflammatory bowel disease, glucocorticoids, anti-inflammatory activity, immunosuppression
MeSH terms
Adrenal Glands, Animals, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Organ Specificity, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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