Magnetic orientation and magnetoreception in birds and other animals
Abstract
Animals use the geomagnetic field in many ways: the magnetic vector provides a compass; magnetic intensity and/or inclination play a role as a component of the navigational 'map', and magnetic conditions of certain regions act as 'sign posts' or triggers, eliciting specific responses. A magnetic compass is widespread among animals, magnetic navigation is indicated e.g. in birds, marine turtles and spiny lobsters and the use of magnetic 'sign posts' has been described for birds and marine turtles. For magnetoreception, two hypotheses are currently discussed, one proposing a chemical compass based on a radical pair mechanism, the other postulating processes involving magnetite particles. The available evidence suggests that birds use both mechanisms, with the radical pair mechanism in the right eye providing directional information and a magnetite-based mechanism in the upper beak providing information on position as component of the 'map'. Behavioral data from other animals indicate a light-dependent compass probably based on a radical pair mechanism in amphibians and a possibly magnetite-based mechanism in mammals. Histological and electrophysiological data suggest a magnetite-based mechanism in the nasal cavities of salmonid fish. Little is known about the parts of the brain where the respective information is processed.
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The field of neurophysics already attests that the study of the brain borrows from ideas across the spectrum of physics: electricity and magnetism, mechanics, thermodynamics, optics.
“The field of neurophysics already attests to the fact that the study of the brain borrows from ideas across the spectrum of physics: electricity and magnetism, mechanics, thermo-dynamics, optics 15 .”
From Quantum effects in the brain: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Singlet-triplet mixing experiences the influence of the Earth's magnetic field and has offered some way of explaining behavioural observations such as light-dependence, inclination aspect and resonance effects of the avian compass.
“It is the singlet -triplet mixing that experiences the influence of the Earth's magnetic field and that has offered some way of explaining behavioural observations such as the light-dependence [94], inclination aspect [95] and resonance effects of the avian compass [96,97].”
From The future of quantum biology (2018) · cites this paper as [95]
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Are Larvae of Demersal Fishes Plankton or Nekton?
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Wind energy: Increasing deployment, rising environmental concerns
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“The resulting electromagnetic fields (EMFs) will be of similar strength to that of the Earth in close proximity to the cables [253], and so have the potential to affect magnetosensitive species such as bony fish, elasmobranchs, marine mammals and sea turtles [96,160,264].”
BackgroundMagnetic Compass of Birds Is Based on a Molecule with Optimal Directional Sensitivity
Ritz, T., Wiltschko, R., Hore, P. J., Rodgers, C. T., Stapput, K., Thalau, P., Timmel, C. R., & Wiltschko, W. (2009) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2008.11.072 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“Our work was supported by the Human Frontier Science Program (grant to T.R., C.R.T., and R.W.), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (P.J.H., C.R.T., and C.T.R.), the EMF Biological Research Trust (P.J.H. and C.R.T.), the Royal Society (C.R.T.), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (W.W.), and the Fre…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAnimal cryptochromes mediate magnetoreception by an unconventional photochemical mechanism
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“Top: the dpPerEp reporter (20 ng) was tested in the presence (1) or absence (2) of dpClk/dpCyc expression plasmids (10 ng each); wild-type dpCry2 (20, 50 and 100 ng) or dpCry2W345F (20, 50 and 100 ng) was used(10,11).”
Social interactions, information use, and the evolution of collective migration
Guttal, V., & Couzin, I. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006874107 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“This ability, in species such as passerine birds and in many groups of vertebrates and insects, may correspond to magnetoreceptivity (9), odor taxis (10), or tracking changes in resource distributions (11).”
BackgroundSelf-organized flocking in mobile robot swarms
Turgut, A. E., Çelikkanat, H., Gökçe, F., & Şahi̇n, E. (2008) · Swarm Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s11721-008-0016-2 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“First, it is known that birds, and possibly fish, can sense the magnetic field of the Earth and use this information to orient themselves (Beason 2005; Wallraff 2005; Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005).”
BackgroundMagnetic maps in animals: nature's GPS
Lohmann, K. J., Lohmann, C. M. F., & Putman, N. F. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.001313 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Magnetic compasses are phylogenetically widespread and exist in several invertebrate groups, as well as in all major groups of vertebrate animals (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 1995; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005; Johnsen and Lohmann, 2005).”
BackgroundMarais, A., Adams, B., Ringsmuth, A. K., Ferretti, M., Gruber, J. M., Hendrikx, R., Schuld, M., Smith, S. L., Sinayskiy, I., Krüger, T. P. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0640 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Navigational mechanisms of migrating monarch butterflies
Reppert, S. M., Gegear, R. J., & Merlin, C. (2010) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2010.04.004 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
From chemotaxis to the cognitive map: The function of olfaction
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Dynamic Nanoparticle Assemblies for Biomedical Applications
Li, F., Lu, J., Kong, X., Hyeon, T., & Ling, D. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201605897 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Human cryptochrome exhibits light-dependent magnetosensitivity
Foley, L. E., Gegear, R. J., & Reppert, S. M. (2011) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1364 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“jpg"/> In vertebrates, such as migratory birds and sea turtles, the ability to sense the Earth's magnetic field is clearly important for positional and directional information during their long-distance migration”
BackgroundConflicting Evidence About Long-Distance Animal Navigation
Alerstam, T. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1129048 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Magnetic Field Effects in Arabidopsis thaliana Cryptochrome-1
Solov’yov, I. A., Chandler, D. E., & Schulten, K. (2007) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.106.097139 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“The avian compass is an inclination compass, sensitive only to the inclination of the Earth’s magnetic field lines and not to their polarity (4,5).”
Magnetic intensity affects cryptochrome-dependent responses in Arabidopsis thaliana
Ahmad, M., Galland, P., Ritz, T., Wiltschko, R., & Wiltschko, W. (2006) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-006-0383-0 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“In animals, magnetic Welds have an important biological function: they provide navigational information for spatial orientation (Wiltschko and Wiltschko 1995, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMakarov, D., Melzer, M., Karnaushenko, D., & Schmidt, O. G. (2016) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/1.4938497 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of a Magnetic Sense
Wu, L.-Q., & Dickman, J. D. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1216567 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
A magnetic compass aids monarch butterfly migration
Guerra, P. A., Gegear, R. J., & Reppert, S. M. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5164 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Lohmann, K. J. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4641140a · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Jonsen, I. D., Myers, R. A., & James, M. C. (2006) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01129.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“For other species, such as migratory songbirds ( Wiltschko & Wiltschko 2005 ) and 1055 Robust hierarchical state‐space models”
BackgroundMagnetoreception through Cryptochrome May Involve Superoxide
Solov’yov, I. A., & Schulten, K. J. (2009) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2009.03.048 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Such a magnetic field-sensing mechanism can explain many long-observed properties of avian magnetoreception (1,2,18,23,24).”
BackgroundDirect Observation of a Photoinduced Radical Pair in a Cryptochrome Blue‐Light Photoreceptor
Biskup, T., Schleicher, E., Okafuji, A., Link, G., Hitomi, K., Getzoff, E. D., & Weber, S. (2008) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200803102 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Quantum effects in biology: golden rule in enzymes, olfaction, photosynthesis and magnetodetection
Brookes, J. C. (2017) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2016.0822 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“This has since been shown in birds such as European Robins and also more recently it was found in domestic chickens, and also turtles and spiny lobsters [80].”
BackgroundFleissner, G., Stahl, B., Thalau, P., Falkenberg, G., & Fleiṡsner, G. (2007) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0236-0 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“It is still an open question how the described dendritic system in the beak might contribute to magnetic orientation and how information from this system has to interact with the compass mechanism possibly located in the retina (for review: Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005 ) or other sensory systems used in navigation.”
BackgroundNeurobiology of Monarch Butterfly Migration
Reppert, S. M., Guerra, P. A., & Merlin, C. (2015) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020855 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“This reversal of flight orientation in response to the reversal of the inclination angle in monarchs is clear evidence for the existence of an inclination compass, as demonstrated in other migratory animals that use a magnetic compass for orientation (69).”
BackgroundAnimal navigation: the difficulty of moving in a straight line
Cheung, A., Zhang, S., Stricker, C., & Srinivasan, M. V. (2007) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-007-0158-0 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“The first strategy is to use an external directional reference, which practically may be the earth’s magnetic field (recently reviewed by Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005 ), the position of the sun or moon, or of the polarization pattern that it generates in the sky (Wehner 1994, 1992; Dacke et al. 2003), or distant landm…”
BackgroundMethodBermúdez, G. S. C., Fuchs, H., Bischoff, L., Faßbender, J., & Makarov, D. (2018) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-018-0161-6 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Marine Turtles Use Geomagnetic Cues during Open-Sea Homing
Luschi, P., Benhamou, S., Girard, C., Ciccione, S., Roos, D., Sudre, J., & Benvenuti, S. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.062 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“, trigeminal nerve, eye, and pineal gland) are located [22, 23].”
BackgroundPutman, N. F., Verley, P., Shay, T. J., & Lohmann, K. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.067587 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Offshore Windmills and the Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish
Öhman, M. C., Sigray, P., & Westerberg, H. (2007) · AMBIO · doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[630:owateo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Magnetoreception in eusocial insects: an update
Wajnberg, E., Acosta‐Avalos, D., Alves, O. C., de Oliveira, J. F., Srygley, R. B., & Esquivel, D. M. S. (2010) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0526.focus · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Mørup, S., Hansen, M. F., & Frandsen, C. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374396-1.00036-2 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
All across Africa: highly individual migration routes of Eleonora's falcon
Gschweng, M., Kalko, E. K. V., Querner, U., Fiedler, W., & Berthold, P. R. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0575 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Falkenberg, G., Fleissner, G., Schuchardt, K., Kühbacher, M., Thalau, P., Mouritsen, H., Heyers, D., Wellenreuther, G., & Fleissner, G. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009231 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Experimental studies of magnetic field guided behavior have focused on migratory animals like birds (for review: [6], reptiles [11] or fish”
BackgroundThe magnetic map of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles
Lohmann, K. J., Putman, N. F., & Lohmann, C. M. F. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2011.11.005 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“An interesting possibility is that two different mechanisms of magnetoreception coexist in some animals [25,26,45].”
A radical sense of direction: signalling and mechanism in cryptochrome magnetoreception
Dodson, C. A., Hore, P. J., & Wallace, M. I. (2013) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2013.07.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Sensory Adaptations of Fishes to Subterranean Environments
Soares, D., & Niemiller, M. L. (2013) · BioScience · doi:10.1525/bio.2013.63.4.7 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Several species of vertebrates, including fishes, are known to orient themselves using the Earth’s magnetic field (Lohmann and Johnsen 2000, Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005).”
Sheppard, A. R., Swicord, M. L., & Balzano, Q. (2008) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/01.hp.0000319903.20660.37 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Present evidence indicates that both the magnetite and radical pair mechanisms are utilized among various vertebrates, including bird species (Mouritsen and Ritz 2005; Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005).”
BackgroundMagnetic characterization of isolated candidate vertebrate magnetoreceptor cells
Eder, S. H. K., Cadiou, H., Muhamad, N. A., McNaughton, P. A., Kirschvink, J. L., & Michael Winklhofer, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1205653109 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“μB sinðφ − θÞ 1⁄4 ηC dt [1]”
Conservation physiology of animal migration
Lennox, R. J., Chapman, J. M., Souliere, C. M., Tudorache, C., Wikelski, M. C., Metcalfe, J. D., & Cooke, S. J. (2016) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/cov072 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“…2012), sea turtles (Lohmann 1991; Luschi et al., 2007), bats (Holland et al., 2006; Tian et al., 2010), salamanders (Phillips and Borland, 1992) and salmon (Putman et al., 2014) are among species that use magnetic signals for orientation (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005; Lohmann et al., 2007, 2008).”
BackgroundExtremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields disrupt magnetic alignment of ruminants
Burda, H., Begall, S., Červený, J., Neef, J., & Němec, P. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811194106 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Mechanisms of magnetoreception in mammals have been less studied than those of other vertebrates (1, 2, 30, 31).”
BackgroundMagnetoreception in an Avian Brain in Part Mediated by Inner Ear Lagena
Wu, L., & Dickman, J. D. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.058 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Many animals use the Earth’s geomagnetic field for orientation and navigation, but the neural mechanisms underlying that ability remain enigmatic[1,2].”
Quantum Zeno effect explains magnetic-sensitive radical-ion-pair reactions
Kominis, I. K. (2009) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.80.056115 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“omenological decay terms kS S and kT T , respectively, that take recombination into account. The two eigenvalues of (1) are readily found to be 2 fast 2 slow S ST T ST k kk k kk Z O Z O (2) 3 The naming “fast” and “slow” derives from the fact3 that kk TS . From the fits shown in Fig. 1a it follows that first fast over…”
BackgroundPhillips, J. B., Jorge, P. E., & Muheim, R. (2010) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0459.focus · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Chemical Compass Model for Avian Magnetoreception as a Quantum Coherent Device
Cai, J., & Plenio, M. B. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.230503 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Zhu, M., Sheng, Z., Jia, Y., Hu, D., Liu, X., Xia, X., Liu, C., Wang, P., Wang, X., & Zheng, H. (2017) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.7b14076 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Assessing wave energy effects on biodiversity: the Wave Hub experience
Witt, M. J., Sheehan, E. V., Bearhop, S., Broderick, A. C., Conley, D., Cotterell, S., Crow, E., Grecian, W. J., Halsband, C., Hodgson, D. J., et al. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0265 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Zhu, X., Hitchcock, A. P., Bazylinski, D. A., Denes, P., Joseph, J. M., Lins, U., Marchesini, S., Shiu, H., Tyliszczak, T., & Shapiro, D. A. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1610260114 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Swimming with magnets: From biological organisms to synthetic devices
Klumpp, S., Lefèvre, C. T., Bennet, M. A., & Faivre, D. (2018) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2018.10.007 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The magnetic compass mechanisms of birds and rodents are based on different physical principles
Thalau, P., Ritz, T., Burda, H., Wegner, R., & Wiltschko, R. (2006) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2006.0130 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…(i) it is not light-dependent like that of birds, and (ii) it is a ‘polarity compass’ distinguishing between magnetic North and South and not an ‘inclination compass’ like the avian compass that detects only the axis of the magnetic field lines (see Wiltschko & Wiltschko 1995, 2005 for details).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMay, R. F., Reitan, O., Bevanger, K., Lorentsen, S., & Nygård, T. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.002 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Evidence that pigeons orient to geomagnetic intensity during homing
Dennis, T. E., Rayner, M. J., & Walker, M. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.3768 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“…insects and representatives of all major classes of vertebrates, are known to orient their bodies, parts of their bodies, objects they construct (e.g. nests) or their movement trajectories in relation to the Earth’s magnetic field (for comprehensive reviews, see Wiltschko & Wiltschko 1995, 2005).”
Phillips, J. B., Muheim, R., & Jorge, P. E. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.020792 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Nearly half a century ago, studies of migratory birds (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 1972) and honeybees (Martin and Lindauer, 1977) provided the first clear evidence that animals can sense the geomagnetic field (for reviews, see Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2003; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialCoupling of mechanical deformation and electromagnetic fields in biological cells
Torbati, M., Mozaffari, K., Liu, L., & Sharma, P. (2022) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.94.025003 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Bats respond to polarity of a magnetic field
Wang, Y., Pan, Y., Parsons, S. E., Walker, M. M., & Zhang, S. Y. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0904 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“In all non-mammalian vertebrates tested to date, the inclination of the magnetic field is used to determine the direction of the field (Phillips & Borland 1994; Wiltschko & Wiltschko 1996, 2005; Walker et al. 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPain perception and electromagnetic fields
Seppia, C. D., Ghione, S., Luschi, P., Ossenkopp, K., Choleris, E., & Kavaliers, M. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.01.003 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Results of a variety of behavioral experiments have shown that many animals can use the earth’s magnetic field for orientation (Johnsen and Lohmann, 2005; Mouritsen and Ritz, 2005; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundMagnetic compass orientation in C57BL/6J mice
Muheim, R., Edgar, N. M., Sloan, K. A., & Phillips, J. B. (2006) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03193201 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Everaert, J., & Bauwens, D. (2007) · Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1080/15368370701205693 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The available evidence concerning magnetoreception suggests that birds use a radical pair mechanism for a chemical compass, and a mechanism based on magnetite particles (Mouritsen and Ritz, 2005; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundCellular autofluorescence is magnetic field sensitive
Ikeya, N., & Woodward, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2018043118 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Epidemiological studies have identified potentially harmful effects on human health (1) [in particular, a nonvanishing association between environmental electromagnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia (2–4)], and behavioral biological studies have examined animal magnetoreception, in which a wide range of animal…”
BackgroundMagnetosensitive E‐Skins for Interactive Devices
Bermúdez, G. S. C., & Makarov, D. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202007788 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Cognitive Ecology of Animal Movement: Evidence From Birds and Mammals
Kashetsky, T., Avgar, T., & Dukas, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.724887 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Magnetic Polarity Transitions and Biospheric Effects
Glaßmeier, K., & Vogt, J. (2010) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9659-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Quantum effects in the brain: A review
Adams, B., & Petruccione, F. (2020) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/1.5135170 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Magnetic Strategies for Nervous System Control
Christiansen, M. G., Senko, A. W., & Anikeeva, P. (2019) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sensing Magnetic Directions in Birds: Radical Pair Processes Involving Cryptochrome
Wiltschko, R., & Wiltschko, W. (2014) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios4030221 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationCryptochrome-dependent magnetic field effect on seizure response in Drosophila larvae
Marley, R., Giachello, C. N., Scrutton, N. S., Baines, R., & Jones, A. R. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep05799 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Pinzon-Rodriguez, A., Bensch, S., & Muheim, R. (2018) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0058 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A review on stretchable magnetic field sensorics
Melzer, M., Makarov, D., & Schmidt, O. G. (2019) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ab52cf · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Magnetic field effects in flavoproteins and related systems
Evans, E. W., Dodson, C. A., Maeda, K., Biskup, T., Wedge, C. J., & Timmel, C. R. (2013) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2013.0037 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Wild Orangutan Males Plan and Communicate Their Travel Direction One Day in Advance
van Schaik, C. P., Damerius, L., & Isler, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074896 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The position of the sun, a mental map, or yet undiscovered magnetic orientation abilities [41] may all help the male to find its way in the flat-canopied swamp forest, where orienting on distant landmarks is difficult, especially since male spend most of their time well below the top canopy.”
BackgroundElectro-mechanical effects in liquid crystals
Jákli, A. I. (2010) · Liquid Crystals · doi:10.1080/02678291003784081 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Unraveling navigational strategies in migratory insects
Merlin, C., Heinze, S., & Reppert, S. M. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2011.11.009 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2011, 22:1–9 While there is behavioral evidence for magnetoreception in a wide range of organisms, including migratory and nonmigratory vertebrate and invertebrate species [40,45], the use of a magnetic sense for navigation in migratory insects remains unclear.”
Modelling swimming aquatic animals in hydrodynamic models
Willis, J. K. (2011) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.10.004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Avian magnetite-based magnetoreception: a physiologist's perspective
Cadiou, H., & McNaughton, P. A. (2010) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0423.focus · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Exploiting common senses: sensory ecology meets wildlife conservation and management
Elmer, L. K., Madliger, C. L., Blumstein, D. T., Elvidge, C. K., Fernández‐Juricic, E., Horodysky, A. Z., Johnson, N. S., McGuire, L. P., Swaisgood, R. R., & Cooke, S. J. (2021) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coab002 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Magnetoreception is the ability to sense the earth’s magnetic field, but is not as well understood as other sensory modalities (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005; Lohmann et al., 2007; Gould, 2010; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2012; Mouritsen, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialTwo Different Types of Light-Dependent Responses to Magnetic Fields in Birds
Wiltschko, R., Ritz, T., Stapput, K., Thalau, P., & Wiltschko, W. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.037 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Magnetoreception is a highly complex issue, with different magnetoreception mechanisms indicated in different animal groups [ 36 ].”
Self-citationHow the Geomagnetic Field Influences Life on Earth – An Integrated Approach to Geomagnetobiology
Erdmann, W., Kmita, H., Kosicki, J. Z., & Kaczmarek, L. D. (2021) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-021-09612-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Since then, this ability has been confirmed to be present in Platyhelminthes, molluscs, crustaceans, insects and all groups of vertebrates (Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005; Johnsen and Lohmann 2008; Wajnberg et al.”
BackgroundEssential elements of radical pair magnetosensitivity in Drosophila
Bradlaugh, A. A., Fedele, G., Munro, A. L., Hansen, C. N., Hares, J. M., Patel, S., Kyriacou, C. P., Jones, A. R., Rosato, E., & Baines, R. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05735-z · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Magnetoreception in microorganisms and fungi
Pazur, A., Schimek, C., & Galland, P. (2007) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.2478/s11535-007-0032-z · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“The magnetoorientation of magnetotactic bacteria [8], as well as that of migrating birds and insects, belongs to the best understood and most intensely studied phenomena of magnetoreception [6, 9, 10].”
BackgroundLevitt, B. B., Lai, H. C., & Manville, A. M. (2021) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh-2021-0050 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Formicki, K., Korzelecka-Orkisz, A., & Tański, A. (2019) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.13998 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Magnetic navigation behavior and the oceanic ecology of young loggerhead sea turtles
Putman, N. F., Verley, P., Endres, C. S., & Lohmann, K. J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.109975 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Moretti, J., & Rodger, J. (2022) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100033 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“, 2021) – is thought to activate cryptochromes in the retinas of migratory birds to act as a magnetic compass (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialNew Vision for Visual Prostheses
Farnum, A., & Pelled, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00036 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Several organisms including birds (Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005), fish (Quinn, 1980) and bacteria (Fassbinder et al., 1990), are known to rely on the Earth’s magnetic field for navigation and detection of prey and predators.”
BackgroundOrientation and navigation in bats: known unknowns or unknown unknowns?
Holland, R. A. (2006) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0297-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“It should be noted that in birds, the magnetic compass appears to be light-dependent and based on the inclination angle, whereas for all mammals so far studied, the compass is based on the polarity of the earth’s magnetic field, but whether this is light-dependent is not known (Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005).”
BackgroundMuehsam, D. J., & Ventura, C. (2014) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2014.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Magnetic Fields Modulate Blue-Light-Dependent Regulation of Neuronal Firing by Cryptochrome
Giachello, C. N., Scrutton, N. S., Jones, A. R., & Baines, R. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2140-16.2016 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Experimental evidence, mainly derived from behavioral assays, supports the existence of magnetoreceptors, not only in migrating animals (e.g., species of birds, marine turtles and lobsters; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005), but also in simpler organisms that do not migrate but are easier to investigate, including the fr…”
BackgroundLeeney, R. H., Greaves, D. M., Conley, D., & O’Hagan, A. M. (2014) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.025 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Biological Water Dynamics and Entropy: A Biophysical Origin of Cancer and Other Diseases
Davidson, R. M., Lauritzen, A., & Seneff, S. (2013) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e15093822 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“With the help of SQUIDs, researchers have been able to gain insight into how migrating animals navigate [5] and how pulsed electromagnetic therapy can help heal broken bones [3].”
Albert, L., Deschamps, F., Jolivet, A., Olivier, F., Laurent Chauvaud, A., & Chauvaud, S. (2020) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104958 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Many 2 living organisms, such as bacteria, birds, amphibians, insects, reptiles, mammals, and fish, 3 are electroreceptive or magneto-sensitive species that can detect these fields (Wiltschko, 4 1995; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005).”
BackgroundDesert Ants Learn Vibration and Magnetic Landmarks
Buehlmann, C., Hansson, B. S., & Knaden, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033117 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“for sea turtles, birds, and spiny lobsters [26,27].”
BackgroundInsight into shark magnetic field perception from empirical observations
Anderson, J. M., Clegg, T. M., de Queiroz-Véras, L. V. M. V., & Holland, K. N. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11459-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gagliardo, A., Ioalè, P., Savini, M., & Wild, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.031864 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Although it is a common opinion that geomagnetic compass orientation is mediated by the cryptochromes of the retina (Ritz et al., 2000; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 2005), a possible involvement of the trigeminal system in determining a magnetic directional reference has not been experimentally…”
Background
- Authors
- Wiltschko, W., & Wiltschko, R.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wiltschko, Wolfgang
- ORCID
- Wiltschko, Roswitha
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Physiology A
- Published
- 2005-05-11
- Volume
- 191
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 675-693
- ISSN
- 0340-7594 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1351
- OpenAlex
- W2079500075
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 12.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Comparative Physiology A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Keywords
- magnetoreception, geomagnetic field, magnetic compass, magnetic navigation, birds, sea turtles, spiny lobster, radical pair mechanism, magnetite, magnetic maps, amphibians, salmonids, nasal cavity, animal orientation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Magnetics, Orientation, Animal Migration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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