Effects of low-glycemic-index diets in pregnancy on maternal and newborn outcomes in pregnant women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Abstract
Purpose Maternal diet with a high glycemic index (GI) is associated with fetal overgrowth and higher infant body adiposity. Effects of low-GI diet on maternal and newborn outcomes have been assessed in both healthy pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus, but the results remain inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of low-GI diets on maternal and newborn outcomes. Methods PubMed, Clinical Trials, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant randomized trials up to January 2016. Random- or fixed-effects models were used to calculate combined treatment effects. Results A total of 11 trials involving 1985 women were eligible for analysis. This meta-analysis assessed 7 maternal and 11 newborn outcomes. Of these, gestational weight gain (GWG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), newborn birth weight, ponderal index (PI), proportion of macrosomia, and large for gestational age (LGA) were investigated in more than 8 trials. Compared with control diets, low-GI diets significantly reduced FBG (weight mean differences (WMD) = -0.18 mmol/L, 95 % CI: -0.33, -0.02), 2-h postprandial glucose level (WMD = -0.33 mmol/L, 95 % CI: -0.54, -0.12), and the proportion of LGA (RR = 0.52, 95 % CI: 0.31, 0.89). A lower GWG (WMD = -0.69 kg, 95 % CI: -1.74, 0.36) and birth weight (WMD = -0.10 kg, 95 % CI: -0.23, 0.03) were also observed without significant differences. Heterogeneity was observed in the GWG, FBG, and birth weight analyses. Low-GI diets did not affect other maternal and newborn outcomes. In subgroup and sensitivity analyses, the intervention effects of low GI on GWG and FBG varied. Conclusions Low-GI diets may have beneficial effects on maternal outcomes for those at risk of developing high glucose levels, without causing adverse effects on newborn outcomes. However, results should be interpreted with caution because of the evidence of heterogeneity and limited number of studies.
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Overall findings suggest that an LGI diet may improve several maternal metabolic outcomes without adverse effects on the infant.
“Despite these, the overall findings suggest that an LGI diet may improve several maternal metabolic outcomes without adverse effects on the infant [86,89].”
From Medical Nutrition Therapy for Women with Gestational Diabetes: Current Practice and Future Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [89]
A meta-analysis of 11 trials involving 1985 women found that LGI diets significantly reduced fasting and postprandial glucose levels and the percentage of LGA compared to the control group.
“A comprehensive meta-analysis of 11 trials involving 1985 women found that LGI diets significantly reduced fasting and postprandial glucose levels and the percentage of LGA compared to the control group.”
From Medical Nutrition Therapy for Women with Gestational Diabetes: Current Practice and Future Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [89]
The effects of LGI diet on baby birth weight and GWG were heterogeneous, likely due to differences in participant characteristics, control treatments, and diagnostic criteria for GDM.
“The effects of LGI diet on baby birth weight and GWG were heterogenous, and this variability likely stemmed from differences in participant characteristics, control treatments, and diagnostic criteria for GDM [89].”
From Medical Nutrition Therapy for Women with Gestational Diabetes: Current Practice and Future Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [89]
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- Authors
- Zhang, R., Han, S., Chen, G.-C., Li, Z.-N., Silva-Zolezzi, I., Parés, G. V., Wang, Y., & Qin, L.-Q.
- Affiliations
- Soochow University (CN)
- Nestlé (China) (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Yi
- Qin, Li-Qiang
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2016-09-09
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 167-177
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- OpenAlex
- W2507496684
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- low glycemic index diet, pregnancy, maternal diet, gestational weight gain, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, birth weight, macrosomia, large for gestational age, neonatal outcomes, gestational diabetes mellitus, fetal overgrowth
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Birth Weight, Blood Glucose, Diet, Fasting, Female, Fetal Macrosomia, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Weight Gain, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Glycemic Index, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Fetal Development, Young Adult
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