The DOI matches its Crossref record; 207 of the 207 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Microglia–blood vessel interactions: a double-edged sword in brain pathologies
Abstract
Microglia are long-living resident immune cells of the brain, which secure a stable chemical and physical microenvironment necessary for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). These highly dynamic cells continuously scan their environment for pathogens and possess the ability to react to damage-induced signals in order to protect the brain. Microglia, together with endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes, form the functional blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized endothelial structure that selectively separates the sensitive brain parenchyma from blood circulation. Microglia are in bidirectional and permanent communication with ECs and their perivascular localization enables them to survey the influx of blood-borne components into the CNS. Furthermore, they may stimulate the opening of the BBB, extravasation of leukocytes and angiogenesis. However, microglia functioning requires tight control as their dysregulation is implicated in the initiation and progression of numerous neurological diseases. Disruption of the BBB, changes in blood flow, introduction of pathogens in the sensitive CNS niche, insufficient nutrient supply, and abnormal secretion of cytokines or expression of endothelial receptors are reported to prime and attract microglia. Such reactive microglia have been reported to even escalate the damage of the brain parenchyma as is the case in ischemic injuries, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we present the current state of the art of the causes and mechanisms of pathological interactions between microglia and blood vessels and explore the possibilities of targeting those dysfunctional interactions for the development of future therapeutics.
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In the citing paper
“Astrocyte reactivity is tightly linked to endothelial [50], which are in turn associated with loss of vascular structural integrity and opening of the BBB [15, 28, 38, 45, 107, 109, 121].”
From Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: APOE3 Christchurch homozygote glioprotection (2023) · cites this paper as [121]
In the citing paper
“Under homeostatic conditions, microglia contribute to the regulation of numerous physiological functions, including neurogenesis,66,67 angiogenesis,68 maintaining BBB integrity,69 synaptic pruning and remodeling,70,71 synaptic transmission,72–74 myelin health,75,76 as well as phagocytosis and removal of apoptotic neurons and cellular debris.67,77,78”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“In addition, AD is frequently associated with vascular dysfunctions and inflammation (Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Microglia express CD11b/c, D45low, and the chemokine fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) (Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“The activated microglia can induce the dysfunction of the BBB, being correlated with the disruption of the BBB in the neurodegenerative diseases (Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016
Citations
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Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193
Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation
Haruwaka, K., Ikegami, A., Tachibana, Y., Ohno, N., Konishi, H., Hashimoto, A., Matsumoto, M., Kato, D., Ono, R., Kiyama, H., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13812-z · Cited by 923
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Park, M. D., Silvin, A., Ginhoux, F., & Merad, M. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.007 · Cited by 644
The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma.
Ramirez, A. I., de Hoz, R., Salobrar-Garcia, E., Salazar, J. J., Rojas, B., Ajoy, D., López-Cuenca, I., Rojas, P., Triviño, A., & Ramírez, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214 · Cited by 466
Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dudvarski Stankovic, N., Teodorczyk, M., Ploen, R., Zipp, F., & Schmidt, M. H. H.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Mirko H. H.
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2015-12-28
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 347-363
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- OpenAlex
- W2216083821
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 207
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC1080 A3, CRC1080 B9, SCHM 2159/2-1)
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) grant)
- German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD scholarship)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- microglia, blood-brain barrier, pericytes, astrocytes, reactive microglia, blood-brain barrier disruption, leukocyte transmigration, angiogenesis, ischemic brain injury, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, therapeutic targeting
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Brain Diseases, Humans, Microglia, Endothelial Cells
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