The DOI matches its Crossref record; 207 of the 207 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Microglia–blood vessel interactions: a double-edged sword in brain pathologies
Abstract
Microglia are long-living resident immune cells of the brain, which secure a stable chemical and physical microenvironment necessary for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). These highly dynamic cells continuously scan their environment for pathogens and possess the ability to react to damage-induced signals in order to protect the brain. Microglia, together with endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes, form the functional blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized endothelial structure that selectively separates the sensitive brain parenchyma from blood circulation. Microglia are in bidirectional and permanent communication with ECs and their perivascular localization enables them to survey the influx of blood-borne components into the CNS. Furthermore, they may stimulate the opening of the BBB, extravasation of leukocytes and angiogenesis. However, microglia functioning requires tight control as their dysregulation is implicated in the initiation and progression of numerous neurological diseases. Disruption of the BBB, changes in blood flow, introduction of pathogens in the sensitive CNS niche, insufficient nutrient supply, and abnormal secretion of cytokines or expression of endothelial receptors are reported to prime and attract microglia. Such reactive microglia have been reported to even escalate the damage of the brain parenchyma as is the case in ischemic injuries, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we present the current state of the art of the causes and mechanisms of pathological interactions between microglia and blood vessels and explore the possibilities of targeting those dysfunctional interactions for the development of future therapeutics.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Astrocyte reactivity is tightly linked to endothelial [50], which are in turn associated with loss of vascular structural integrity and opening of the BBB [15, 28, 38, 45, 107, 109, 121].”
From Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: APOE3 Christchurch homozygote glioprotection (2023) · cites this paper as [121]
In the citing paper
“Under homeostatic conditions, microglia contribute to the regulation of numerous physiological functions, including neurogenesis,66,67 angiogenesis,68 maintaining BBB integrity,69 synaptic pruning and remodeling,70,71 synaptic transmission,72–74 myelin health,75,76 as well as phagocytosis and removal of apoptotic neurons and cellular debris.67,77,78”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“In addition, AD is frequently associated with vascular dysfunctions and inflammation (Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Microglia express CD11b/c, D45low, and the chemokine fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) (Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“The activated microglia can induce the dysfunction of the BBB, being correlated with the disruption of the BBB in the neurodegenerative diseases (Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Dudvarski Stankovic et al., 2016
Citations
Cites
MANTOVANI, A., SOZZANI, S., LOCATI, M., ALLAVENA, P., & SICA, A. (2002) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02302-5 · Cited by 5,528
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175
Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels
Louveau, A., Smirnov, I., Keyes, T. J., Eccles, J. D., Rouhani, S. J., Peske, J. D., Derecki, N. C., Castle, D., Mandell, J. W., Lee, K. S., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14432 · Cited by 4,413
ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo
Davalos, D., Grutzendler, J., Yang, G., Kim, J. V., Zuo, Y., Jung, S., Littman, D. R., Dustin, M. L., & Gan, W.-B. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1472 · Cited by 3,913
Harold, D., Abraham, R., Hollingworth, P., Sims, R., Gerrish, A., Hamshere, M. L., Pahwa, J. S., Moskvina, V., Dowzell, K., Williams, A., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.440 · Cited by 3,326
The Blood-Brain Barrier in Health and Chronic Neurodegenerative Disorders
Zlokovic, B. V. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.003 · Cited by 3,280
Development of Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
Geissmann, F., Manz, M. G., Jung, S., Sieweke, M. H., Merad, M., & Ley, K. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1178331 · Cited by 3,049
Noseworthy, J. H., Lucchinetti, C. F., Rodriguez, M., & Weinshenker, B. G. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200009283431307 · Cited by 3,016
Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Angiogenesis
Potente, M., Gerhardt, H., & Carmeliet, P. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.039 · Cited by 2,771
Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Parkhurst, C. N., Yang, G., Ninan, I., Savas, J. N., Yates, J. R., Lafaille, J. J., Hempstead, B. L., Littman, D. R., & Gan, W.-B. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.030 · Cited by 2,599
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Guerreiro R, Hardy J (2013) TREM2 and neurodegenerative disease. N Engl J Med 369:1569–1570
- Heiss WD (2012) The ischemic penumbra: how does tissue injury evolve? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1268:26–34. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06668.x · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193
Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation
Haruwaka, K., Ikegami, A., Tachibana, Y., Ohno, N., Konishi, H., Hashimoto, A., Matsumoto, M., Kato, D., Ono, R., Kiyama, H., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13812-z · Cited by 923
Macrophages in health and disease
Park, M. D., Silvin, A., Ginhoux, F., & Merad, M. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.007 · Cited by 644
The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma.
Ramirez, A. I., de Hoz, R., Salobrar-Garcia, E., Salazar, J. J., Rojas, B., Ajoy, D., López-Cuenca, I., Rojas, P., Triviño, A., & Ramírez, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214 · Cited by 466
Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability
Zhao, Y., Gan, L., Ren, L., Lin, Y., Ma, C., & Lin, X. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937 · Cited by 291
Metadata
- Authors
- Dudvarski Stankovic, N., Teodorczyk, M., Ploen, R., Zipp, F., & Schmidt, M. H. H.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Mirko H. H.
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2015-12-28
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 347-363
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- OpenAlex
- W2216083821
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 207
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC1080 A3, CRC1080 B9, SCHM 2159/2-1)
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) grant)
- German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD scholarship)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- microglia, blood-brain barrier, pericytes, astrocytes, reactive microglia, blood-brain barrier disruption, leukocyte transmigration, angiogenesis, ischemic brain injury, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, therapeutic targeting
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Brain Diseases, Humans, Microglia, Endothelial Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
