The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neuronal cytoskeletal changes are an early consequence of repetitive head injury
Abstract
While neuropathological studies have established the pathology of dementia pugilistica to be similar to that of Alzheimer's disease, there is little information about the early histological changes caused by the repetitive trauma that eventually produces dementia pugilistica. We have examined the brains of four young men and a frontal lobectomy specimen from a fifth, age range 23-28 years, all of whom suffered mild chronic head injury. There were two boxers, a footballer, a mentally subnormal man with a long history of head banging, and an epileptic patient who repeatedly hit his head during seizures. The four autopsy cases were widely sampled; the lobectomy specimen was serially sliced after fixation. Routine stains were performed; inmmunostaining included beta-amyloid precursor protein, amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), tau and apolipoprotein E (apoE). Pathological findings in all five cases were of neocortical neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuropil threads, with groups of tangles consistently situated around blood vessels in the worst affected regions. No Abeta immunoreactivity was detected. The amount of neuronal apoE expression varied widely between the cases with no clear relation to the NFTs. The apoE genotype was determined in only two cases (both epsilon3/epsilon3). It appears that repetitive head injury in young adults is initially associated with neocortical NFT formation in the absence of Abeta deposition. The distribution of the tau pathology suggests that the pathogenesis of cytoskeletal abnormalities may involve damage to blood vessels or perivascular elements.
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“The conspicuous perivascular nature of the neurofibrillary pathology and its tendency to be irregularly concentrated at the sulcal depths of the cortex in CTE were first noted by Geddes in her description of the neuropathological alterations of five young men, 23– 28 years old, including two boxers, one soccer player, one developmentally challenged individual with a long history of head banging, a”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“The clinical symptoms associated with this disease were examined in case summaries throughout the twentieth century; however, the disease presentation described in these reports was inconsistent [38, 65, 92, 100, 126].”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“Geddes described argyrophilic, PHF-tau positive neocortical NFTs and neurites, strikingly arranged in groups around small intracortical blood vessels, in the absence of Ab [65], a feature that has recently been found to distinguish even early stages of CTE from other tauopathies.”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“However, despite evidence for Ab deposition in moderate to severe TBI [94], Ab plaques have not been found in early or mild stages of CTE in young individuals [65, 66, 72, 91, 126] but occur in older subjects with CTE in association with increased age at death [128].”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“Although CTE was first identified in association with boxing, CTE has been diagnosed neuropathologically in American football players, professional and amateur boxers, ice hockey players, professional wrestlers, soccer players, rugby players, and a professional baseball player (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6) [38, 65, 66, 88, 91, 127, 128, 146–148].”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [65]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Geddes, J. F., Vowles, G. H., Nicoll, J. A. R., & Révész, T.
- Affiliations
- St Bartholomew's Hospital (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 1999-08-06
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 171-178
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- OpenAlex
- W1977627126
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Imperial College London
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- repetitive head injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, tau protein, amyloid-beta, apolipoprotein E, neuronal cytoskeleton, blood vessel damage, boxing, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Apolipoproteins E, Brain, Brain Diseases, Calcinosis, Cytoskeleton, Epilepsy, Hamartoma, Craniocerebral Trauma, Humans, Male, Neurons, Time Factors, Neurofibrillary Tangles, tau Proteins, Fatal Outcome, Apolipoprotein E3
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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