Seven days of high carbohydrate ingestion does not attenuate post-exercise IL-6 and hepcidin levels
Abstract
Purpose This investigation examined if a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet, maintained across a seven-day training period, could attenuate post-exercise interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum hepcidin levels. Methods Twelve endurance-trained male athletes completed two seven-day running training blocks whilst consuming either a high (8 g kg(-1)) versus a low (3 g kg(-1)) CHO isoenergetic diet. Each training block consisted of five running sessions performed on days 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7, with the intensity and duration of each session matched between training weeks. Serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hepcidin were measured pre- and either immediately (IL-6) or 3-h (hepcidin) post-exercise on days 1 and 7 of each training week. Results During each training week, the immediate post-exercise IL-6 and 3-h post-exercise serum hepcidin levels were significantly elevated (both p = 0.001) from pre-exercise on days 1 and 7. These increases were not different between trials. Conclusions These results suggest that the ingestion of a high (compared to low) CHO diet over a seven-day training period is ineffective in attenuating post-exercise IL-6 and hepcidin responses. Such results may be due to the modest training load, the increased protein intake in the low-CHO trial, and a 48 h recovery period prior to sample collection on day 7, allowing a full recovery of muscle glycogen status between exercise sessions.
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Low carbohydrate availability ranges have not been established based on these criteria for carbohydrate availability, and many studies continue to report carbohydrate intake, using low carbohydrate intake to define intake below current recommendations.
“Nonetheless, LCA ranges have not been established based on these criteria for CHO availability, and many studies continue to report CHO intake, using low CHO intake to define intake below current recommendations [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
In another study, there was no difference between high- and low-CHO diets for markers of pre- and post-exercise inflammation and iron regulation over a 7-day intervention period.
“However, another study illustrated no difference between high- and low-CHO diets for markers of pre- and post-exercise inflammation and iron regulation over a 7-day intervention period [42].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Hepcidin is the iron regulatory hormone responsible for the down-regulation of iron metabolism through the internalisation and degradation of ferroportin export channels within the small intestine and on the cell surface of macrophages (Nemeth et al. 2004b).”
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“Current sports nutrition guidelines suggest a variety of strategies to enable athletes to optimise CHO availability for daily training and competition (Rodriguez et al. 2009; Stellingwerff and Cox 2014).”
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Self-citationInfluence of mode and carbohydrate on the cytokine response to heavy exertion
NIEMAN, D. C., NEHLSEN-CANNARELLA, S. L., FAGOAGA, O. R., HENSON, D. A., UTTER, A., DAVIS, J. M., WILLIAMS, F., & BUTTERWORTH, D. E. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199805000-00005 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The effect of graded exercise on IL‐6 release and glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle
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Training Surface and Intensity: Inflammation, Hemolysis, and Hepcidin Expression
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Cumulative effects of consecutive running sessions on hemolysis, inflammation and hepcidin activity
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Self-citationOptimizing training adaptations by manipulating glycogen
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Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review
Sim, M., Garvican-Lewis, L. A., Cox, G. R., Govus, A., McKay, A. K. A., Stellingwerff, T., & Peeling, P. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of an acute exercise bout on serum hepcidin levels
Domínguez, R., Sánchez-Oliver, A., Mata-Ordoñez, F., Feria-Madueño, A., Grimaldi-Puyana, M., López-Samanes, Á., & Pérez-López, A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020209 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“A single session of 40 min to 120 min of endurance exercise performed at 60% [77], 65% [23,61,63,64], or 75% VO2peax [62,64,67–69] upregulated the expression of hepcidin.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability
McKay, A. K. A., Pyne, D. B., Burke, L. M., & Peeling, P. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123692 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationLodge, M. T., Ward-Ritacco, C. L., & Melanson, K. J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204457 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Badenhorst, C. E., Dawson, B., Cox, G. R., Sim, M., Laarakkers, C. M., Swinkels, D. W., & Peeling, P.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Federation University (AU)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Badenhorst, Claire E.
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2016-07-05
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1715-1724
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2466191572
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- high-carbohydrate diet, interleukin-6, hepcidin, post-exercise inflammation, endurance athletes, running training, carbohydrate intake, protein intake
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Male, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Inflammation Mediators, Hepcidins
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