Influence of mode and carbohydrate on the cytokine response to heavy exertion

NIEMAN, DAVID C.; NEHLSEN-CANNARELLA, SANDRA L.; FAGOAGA, OMAR R.; HENSON, DRU A.; UTTER, ALAN; DAVIS, J. MARK; WILLIAMS, FRANKLIN; BUTTERWORTH, DIANE E.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199805000-00005

Cited by 233Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and Training

Influence of mode and carbohydrate on the cytokine response to heavy exertion

NIEMAN, DAVID C., NEHLSEN-CANNARELLA, SANDRA L., FAGOAGA, OMAR R., HENSON, DRU A., UTTER, ALAN, DAVIS, J. MARK, WILLIAMS, FRANKLIN, BUTTERWORTH, DIANE E.·1998·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1097/00005768-199805000-00005

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to determine the influence of exercise mode and 6% carbohydrate (C) versus placebo (P) beverage ingestion, on blood cell counts, plasma glucose, hormone, and inflammatory cytokine responses (five total samples over 9 h) to 2.5 h of high-intensity running and cycling (approximately 75% VO2max) by 10 triathletes who acted as their own controls. Statistical significance was set at P < or = 0.05. RESULTS: C relative to P ingestion (but not exercise mode) was associated with higher plasma levels of glucose and insulin, lower plasma cortisol and growth hormone, and diminished perturbation in blood immune cell counts. The pattern of change over time for interleukin (IL)-6 was significantly different between C and P conditions (P = 0.021) and between running and cycling modes (P < 0.001), with the lowest postexercise values seen in the C-cycling sessions (10.7 +/- 1.8 pg x mL(-1)) and the highest in the P-running sessions (51.6 +/- 14.2 pg x mL(-1)). The pattern of change over time between C and P conditions (but not modes) was significantly different for IL-1 receptor antagonist (P = 0.003), with values once again lowest for the C-cycling sessions (1.5 h postexercise, 301 +/- 114 pg x mL(-1)) and highest for the P-running sessions (1171 +/- 439 pg x mL(-1)). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that carbohydrate versus placebo ingestion (4 mL x kg(-1) carbohydrate or placebo every 15 min of the 2.5-h exercise bout) is associated with higher plasma glucose levels, an attenuated cortisol response, and a diminished pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine response.

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Higher plasma levels of IL-6 have been reported in studies using running compared to cycling as a model of physical exercise.
“Higher plasma levels of IL-6 have been reported in some studies that use running as a model of physical exercise compared to those which use cycling (Nieman et al., 1998; Starkie et al., 2001).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Nieman et al., 1998
The running model leads to greater release of IL-6 because of greater muscle damage due to its larger eccentric component compared to cycling.
“According to these studies, the running model leads to a greater release of IL-6 because of the greater muscle damage which occurs due to its eccentric component being larger compared to that of cycling.”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Nieman et al., 1998

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CARBOHYDRATE & THE CYTOKINE RESPONSE TO RUNNING 417
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Influence of Exercise Mode and Carbohydrate on the Immune Response to Prolonged Exercise
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Effects of mode and carbohydrate on the granulocyte and monocyte response to intensive, prolonged exercise
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Influence of Carbohydrate on Immune Function Following 2 h Cycling
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Gojanovich, G. S., Davis, J. M., Murphy, E. A., Mayer, E. P., Pearce, S., Dumke, C. L., Utter, A. C., McAnulty, S. R., et al. (2006) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438620600854793 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: NIEMAN, D. C., NEHLSEN-CANNARELLA, S. L., FAGOAGA, O. R., HENSON, D. A., UTTER, A., DAVIS, J. M., WILLIAMS, F., & BUTTERWORTH, D. E.
Affiliations: Loma Linda University Medical Center (US)
ORCID: NIEMAN, DAVID C.
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1998-05
Volume: 30
Issue: 5
Pages: 671-678
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199805000-00005
OpenAlex: W1988501271
Cited by: 233
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 16.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: carbohydrate intake, exercise mode, high-intensity running, cycling, heavy exercise, inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, cortisol, insulin, plasma glucose, immune cell counts, triathletes, exercise immunology
MeSH terms: Adult, Beverages, Bicycling, Blood Glucose, Carbohydrates, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Endurance, Running, Cytokines

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Influence of mode and carbohydrate on the cytokine response to heavy exertion

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