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Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview
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As heritability is high in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), genetic factors must play a significant role in the development and course of this disorder. In recent years a large number of studies on different candidate genes for ADHD have been published, most have focused on genes involved in the dopaminergic neurotransmission system, such as DRD4, DRD5, DAT1/SLC6A3, DBH, DDC. Genes associated with the noradrenergic (such as NET1/SLC6A2, ADRA2A, ADRA2C) and serotonergic systems (such as 5-HTT/SLC6A4, HTR1B, HTR2A, TPH2) have also received considerable interest. Additional candidate genes related to neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity that have been studied less intensively include SNAP25, CHRNA4, NMDA, BDNF, NGF, NTF3, NTF4/5, GDNF. This review article provides an overview of these candidate gene studies, and summarizes findings from recently published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS is a relatively new tool that enables the identification of new ADHD genes in a hypothesis-free manner. Although these latter studies could be improved and need to be replicated they are starting to implicate processes like neuronal migration and cell adhesion and cell division as potentially important in the aetiology of ADHD and have suggested several new directions for future ADHD genetics studies.
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“In ADHD, DRD2 polymorphisms and methylation status are linked to impulsivity and dopaminergic dysfunction”
From The clinical use of epigenetics in psychiatry: a narrative review of epigenetic mechanisms, key candidate genes, and precision psychiatry (2025) · cites this paper as [119]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Banaschewski, T., Becker, K., Scherag, S., Franke, B., & Coghill, D.
- Affiliations
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Essen University Hospital (DE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Banaschewski, Tobias
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-02-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 237-257
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- PMC
- PMC2839490
- OpenAlex
- W2124674986
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 201
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2010-04-28)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD genetics, candidate genes, dopamine signaling, noradrenergic system, serotonergic system, neurotransmitter transporters, SNAP-25, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, genome-wide association study, neuronal migration, cell adhesion, cell division, heritability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cell Division, Child, Genetic Markers, Humans, Phenotype, Neurotransmitter Agents, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Malformations of Cortical Development, Group II, Genome-Wide Association Study
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