Associations of pineal volume, chronotype and symptom severity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls
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The pineal gland, as part of the human epithalamus, is the main production site of peripheral melatonin, which promotes the modulation of sleep patterns, circadian rhythms and circadian preferences (morningness vs. eveningness). The present study analyses the pineal gland volume (PGV) and its association with circadian preferences and symptom severity in adult ADHD patients compared to healthy controls. PGV was determined manually using high-resolution 3T MRI (T1-magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo) in medication free adult ADHD patients (N=74) compared to healthy controls (N=86). Moreover, the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), the ADHD Diagnostic Checklist and the Wender-Utah Rating Scale were conducted. PGV differed between both groups (patients: 59.9±33.8mm(3); healthy controls: 71.4±27.2mm(3), P=0.04). In ADHD patients, more eveningness types were revealed (patients: 29%; healthy controls: 17%; P=0.05) and sum scores of the MEQ were lower (patients: 45.8±11.5; healthy controls 67.2±10.1; P<0.001). Multiple regression analyses indicated a positive correlation of PGV and MEQ scores in ADHD (β=0.856, P=0.003) but not in healthy controls (β=0.054, P=0.688). Patients' MEQ scores (β=-0.473, P=0.003) were negatively correlated to ADHD symptoms. The present results suggest a linkage between the PGV and circadian preference in adults with ADHD and an association of the circadian preference to symptom severity. This may facilitate the development of new chronobiological treatment approaches for the add-on treatment in ADHD.
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ADHD is associated with lower pineal volume in a sample of 74 adults.
“A potential involvement of pineal function and anatomy in mediating ADHD-related changes in melatonin is suggested by the study of Bumb et al. (2016) which reports that ADHD was associated with lower pineal volume in a sample of 74 adults.”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Bumb et al. (2016)
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Amiri, D., Shah, S. J., Briziarelli, L., Amiri, S., & Karlsson, B. (2026) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo16080527
- Authors
- Bumb, J. M., Mier, D., Noelte, I., Schredl, M., Kirsch, P., Hennig, O., Liebrich, L., Fenske, S., Alm, B., Sauer, C., Leweke, F. M., & Sobanski, E.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- St. Claraspital (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Bumb, Jan Malte
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1119-1126
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2339274503
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- pineal gland volume, adult ADHD, chronotype, circadian preference, eveningness, melatonin, symptom severity, chronobiology, adjunctive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Pineal Gland, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Young Adult
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