Gut microbiota and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: new perspectives for a challenging condition
Abstract
A bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain (gut-brain axis) is well recognized with the gut microbiota viewed as a key regulator of this cross-talk. Currently, a body of preclinical and to a lesser extent epidemiological evidence supports the notion that host-microbe interactions play a key role in brain development and function and in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Early life events and shifts away from traditional lifestyles are known to impact gut microbiota composition and function and, thereby, may increase the risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is nowadays the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Despite many years of research its etiology is unclear and its diagnosis and treatment are still challenging. Different factors reported to be associated with the risk of developing ADHD and/or linked to different ADHD manifestations have also been linked to shifts in gut microbiota composition, suggesting a link between the microbiota and the disorder. Evidence from preliminary human studies also suggests that dietary components that modulate gut microbiota may also influence ADHD development or symptoms, although further studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis. Here, we firstly review the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may regulate the brain-gut axis and influence behavior and neurodevelopmental disorders. Secondly, we discuss the current knowledge about the different factors and dietary components reported to be associated with the risk of developing ADHD or its manifestations and with shifts in gut microbiota composition. Finally, we briefly highlight the need to progress our understanding regarding the role of the gut microbiota in ADHD, since this could open new avenues for early intervention and improved management of the disease.
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The microbiota composition differs significantly between healthy controls and patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
“The microbiota composition differs significantly between healthy controls and patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders (such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases) (20, 22, 23, 32, 111–115), and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPS) (30), like major depressive and mood disorders.”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [114]
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- Authors
- Cenit, M. C., Nuevo, I. C., Codoñer-Franch, P., Dinan, T. G., & Sanz, Y.
- Affiliations
- University College Cork (IE)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Sanz, Yolanda
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2017-03-13
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1081-1092
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- OpenAlex
- W2596058654
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gut-brain axis, neurodevelopmental disorders, host-microbe interactions, early life events, food components, ADHD risk factors, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Humans
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