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Seeking and accessing professional support for child anxiety in a community sample
Open accessAbstract
There is a lack of current data on help-seeking, and barriers to accessing professional support for child anxiety disorders. This study aimed to provide current data on the frequency and type of parental help-seeking, professional support received, and parent-reported barriers/facilitators in the context of child anxiety, and to explore factors associated with help-seeking, and parent-reported barriers among help-seekers and non help-seekers. We conducted a survey of help-seeking in parents of 222 children (aged 7-11) with elevated anxiety symptoms identified through screening in schools, 138 children of whom met diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. Almost two-thirds (64.5%) of parents of children with an anxiety disorder reported seeking help from a professional; in 38.4% of cases parents reported that their child had received support from a professional to help manage and overcome their anxiety difficulties, and < 3% had received evidence-based treatment (CBT). Frequently reported parental barriers related to difficulties differentiating between developmentally appropriate and clinically significant anxiety, a lack of help-seeking knowledge, perceived negative consequences of help-seeking, and limited service provision. Non-help seekers were more likely than help seekers to report barriers related to thinking a child's anxiety may improve without professional support, and the absence of professional recognition. Findings identify the need for (i) tools for parents and primary school staff to help identify children who may benefit from professional support to overcome difficulties with anxiety; and (ii) increased evidence-based provision for child anxiety disorders, including delivery within schools and direct support for parents.
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“A British community-based survey found that less than 3% of children aged 7–11 with an anxiety disorder had received adequate CBT [6].”
From Developing a primary care-based cognitive behavioral intervention for anxiety in children through a participatory approach: a qualitative study. (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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Self-citation
Cited by
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Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
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Self-citationParent-perceived barriers to accessing services for their child’s mental health problems
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Self-citationUltra-Orthodox Parents’ Perceptions of Arts Therapies for Their Children
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“…disorder reported contacting a professional for help or advice, less than 40% received any professional help, and less than 3% received evidence-based CB interventions, with the majority receiving counselling, parenting support, or signposting to other self-help resources (Reardon et al ., 2019).”
InfluentialWhitaker, E., Chessell, C., Klapow, M. C., & Creswell, C. (2025) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00521-x · Cited by 8
“They can also help to reduce perceived stigma for children and parents; for example, parents have identified not wanting their child to feel as though they have a problem or not wanting other people to know about their child’s difficulties as reasons for not seeking help (Reardon et al., 2020).”
Self-citationOlsson, E., Andrén, P., Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E., Dellgran, K., Castro, O. C., Möttus, A., Mataix‐Cols, D., Gušić, S., Perrin, S. G., Serlachius, E., et al. (2025) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-025-01908-1 · Cited by 7
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“…the study’s research aims, interview schedule questions and the data collected, as well as the empirical literature on child mental health and school-based interventions (e.g. (Childs-Fegredo et al. 2021; NewloveDelgado et al. 2021; Reardon, Harvey, and Creswell 2019; Soneson et al. 2018)).”
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“Due to the relatively low number of CBT-trained clinicians who practice primarily in out-of-pocket, specialist settings, access to these services is quite limited (Reardon et al., 2020).”
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
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“Effective interventions for anxiety and depression exist, in particular cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), however, most young people in need of services do not access them (James, Reardon, Soler, James, & Creswell, 2020; Reardon, Harvey, & Creswell, 2020).”
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“This said, only a small percentage of children and young people in need receive evidence-based psychological interventions (Reardon et al ., 2020).”
Associations between child mental health, carer worry and help-seeking
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“, 1998) or the level of blame parents place on themselves (Reardon et al., 2019).”
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“In a UK study, of the 65% of families of children with anxiety who sought support, only 38% accessed support and less than 3% accessed an evidence-based treatment [20].”
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Parent-Centered Interventions for Childhood Anxiety
Creswell, C., Tu, E.-N., & Merriam, E. (2025) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-111323-112637 · Cited by 2
Self-citationReardon, T. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., Taylor, L. M. W., Ball, S., Violato, M., Larkin, M., Fisk, J., Halliday, G., Yu, S., Williamson, V., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(26)00064-7 · Cited by 2
Self-citationComprehensive Virtual Treatment for Severe Anxiety in Youth: A Case Report
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“Furthermore, there is a paucity of CBT with ERP programs (Reardon et al., 2020), and wait times for specialized psychological care are lengthy (Moroz et al., 2020).”
Skaarnes, H., Sørensen, N. M., Wisnewski, A. H., Lomholt, J. J., Thastum, M., McLellan, L. F., & Mathiasen, K. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08511-0 · Cited by 3
“Despite the availability of effective treatments and the potential long-term consequences of untreated anxiety disorders, less than 25% of affected youth seek professional help [10, 11] with even fewer receiving evidence-based treatment [12].”
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“This view re fl ects the currently poor access to treatment for children and young people experiencing mental ill-health (3), as well as high levels of digital literacy among young people who have grown up with digital technology as a ubiquitous aspect of everyday life (4).”
Benjamin, F., Adebiyi, B. O., Rich, E. G., & Roman, N. V. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/37364 · Cited by 2
Parent-led Interventions for Anxiety Problems in Children and Young People in the Real World
Whitaker, E., Chessell, C., Vesey, T., & Creswell, C. (2025) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2025.07.003 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSong, Y., Tan, Y.-L., Mui, A., Verduin, T. L., Kerker, B. D., Zhao, C., Zhao, Q., Gore, R., & Kwon, S. C. (2025) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399251388077 · Cited by 1
Reardon, T. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., Dodd, H. F., Halliday, G., Hill, C., Jasper, B., Jones, B., Lawrence, P. J., Morgan, F., Placzek, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70119 · Cited by 1
“…barriers to identifying and seeking support for early signs of anxiety problems in children (Lawrence, Harvey, Williams, & Creswell, 2022; Reardon, Harvey, & Creswell, 2020) and oversubscribed services mean few young children receive these interventions (Children’s Commissioner, 2024;…”
Self-citationAkdağ, R., van der Voort, A., Tessensohn, L. M., Versteeg, J., & Vogelaar, S. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/94578 · Cited by 1
Belfield, C., Blanchard, L., Drake, K. L., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2025) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-025-01453-y · Cited by 1
Terapia cognitivo conductual para los trastornos de ansiedad en niños y adolescentesPreprint
Hechenleitner, G., Ruiz, P., Cortés-Jofré, M., & Ortiz-Muñoz, L. E. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/zkd7b · Cited by 1
Isaksson, A., Åhlén, J., Hasson, H., & Eriksson, L. (2026) · BMC Primary Care · doi:10.1186/s12875-026-03191-y
“A British community-based survey found that less than 3% of children aged 7–11 with an anxiety disorder had received adequate CBT [6].”
Reardon, T. C., Ball, S., Breen, M. A., Brown, P., Day, E., Ford, T. J., Gray, A., Green, I., Hill, C., Jasper, B., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-637552/v1
Self-citationTaylor, L. M. W., Giles, S., Howitt, S., Ryan, Z. J., Brooks, E., Radley, L., Thompson, A., Whitaker, E., Knight, F., Hill, C., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1895178/v1
Self-citationLow intensity interventions for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Creswell, C., Chessell, C., Hill, C., & Waite, P. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780198867791.003.0010
Self-citationReardon, T. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., Violato, M., Ball, S., Brown, P., Ford, T. J., Gray, A. M., Hill, C., Jasper, B., Larkin, M., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2021089/v1
Self-citationParenting Style and Help-Seeking for Child Anxiety and Depression: A Vignette Study
Pomerantz, H. (2022) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-pomerantz-hayley-2022
“With regard to child anxiety, Reardon and colleagues (2020) found that within a sample of parents with children diagnosed with anxiety, less than 3% had received evidence-based treatment (Reardon et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSchool-based cognitive behavioral interventions for youth with anxiety
Haugland, B. S. M., Wergeland, G. J., & Husabø, E. B. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85757-4.00044-4
Pathways into Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Hansen, A. S. (2021) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · doi:10.54337/aau450851048
Digital Mental Health Interventions for Children and Youth
Machado, A. S., Ferreira, B., Pereira, C. Y., Carrola, C., de Melo, B. B. V., & Campos, C. (2023) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9251-2.ch002
Williamson, V., Larkin, M., Reardon, T. C., Stallard, P. N., Spence, S. H., Macdonald, I., Ukoumunne, O. C., Ford, T. J., Violato, M., Sniehotta, F. F., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082691
Self-citationRice, F. J., Powell, V. E., Eyre, O., Jones, R. B., Michelson, D., Airdrie, J. N., Collishaw, S., Thapar, A., Grozeva, D., Munnery, K., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-100692
Secondary Youth-Level Mechanisms of Change in Parent Training for Anxious Youth
Anderberg, J. L., Barry, K. R., Upshaw, B. M., Mangen, K. H., Spencer, S. D., Guzick, A. G., Ayton, D. M., Palo, A. D., Candelari, A. E., & Storch, E. A. (2025) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-025-09880-6
“However, there is a general shortage of therapists who are well-equipped to work with youth (Reardon et al., 2020 ), and many youth are reluctant to engage in treatment, even when working with highly skilled professionals.”
Violato, M., Pollard, J., & Reardon, T. C. (2023) · doi:10.64628/aan.gcr3y3quh
Self-citationGee, B., Teague, B., Wilson, J., Chessell, C., Wrigley, L., Koda, T., Mickleburgh, E., Brown, N., McGuire, R., & Clarke, T. (2025) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2025.2557663
“Well-established evidence-based treatments exist (i.e. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), but even in high income countries most families are currently unable to access them (Gandhi et al. 2022; Reardon, Harvey, and Creswell 2019; Schwartz et al. 2019).”
Jackson, S. T., & Vecchio, T. D. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03190-0
“Parent-identified impairments are positively associated with parental help-seeking for children and adolescents, including preschool-aged children (Jackson et al., 2023; Reardon et al., 2020; Zwaanswijk et al., 2003).”
Reardon, T. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., Violato, M., Ball, S., Brown, P., Ford, T. J., Gray, A., Hill, C., Jasper, B., Larkin, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21384481
Self-citationReardon, T. C., Dodd, H., Hill, C., Jasper, B., Lawrence, P. J., Morgan, F., Rapee, R. M., Ukoumunne, O. C., Violato, M., Davey, E., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19220716
Self-citationReardon, T. C., Ball, S., Breen, M. A., Brown, P., Day, E., Ford, T. J., Gray, A., Green, I., Hill, C., Jasper, B., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20472447
Self-citationReardon, T. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., Violato, M., Ball, S., Brown, P., Ford, T. J., Gray, A., Hill, C., Jasper, B., Larkin, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21384475
Self-citationReardon, T. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., Violato, M., Ball, S., Brown, P., Ford, T. J., Gray, A., Hill, C., Jasper, B., Larkin, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21384478
Self-citationReardon, T. C., Ball, S., Breen, M. A., Brown, P., Day, E., Ford, T. J., Gray, A., Green, I., Hill, C., Jasper, B., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20472453
Self-citationReardon, T. C., Ball, S., Breen, M. A., Brown, P., Day, E., Ford, T. J., Gray, A., Green, I., Hill, C., Jasper, B., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20472450
Self-citationThe Challenges of Parenting a Child with Anxiety: Insights from a Qualitative Lived Experience Study
Grajdan, M. M. V., Etel, E., Shiels, A. L., Farrell, L. J., & Donovan, C. L. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-01964-1
Okawa, S., Blackwell, S. E., Violato, M., Creswell, C., Ishikawa, S.-I., Obikane, E., Takahashi, T., Arai, H., Nakamura, H., Ishitsuka, K., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114705
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Reardon, T., Harvey, K., & Creswell, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Reading (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Harvey, Kate
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2019-08-13
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 649-664
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- PMC
- PMC7250799
- OpenAlex
- W2969151236
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 14.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR-RP-2014-04-018)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- childhood anxiety disorders, help-seeking, parental help-seeking, help-seeking barriers, evidence-based treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy, school-based screening, parental support, children aged 7-11
- MeSH terms
- Child Health, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Male
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