Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy.

“There is now substantial evidence that avoidance and overengagement with emotions are associated with worse psychological and health outcomes (Gross, 2002; Salovey, Rothman, Detweiler, & Steward, 2002; Segerstrom, Stanton, Alden, & Shortridge, 2003).”

“emotion regulation is an essential component of mental health and that problems of regulation are associated with a variety of forms of psychopathology (Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995; Davidson, 2000; Gross, 1998).”

“, & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press. Segerstrom, S. C., Stanton, A. L., Alden, L. E., & Shortridge, B. E. (2003). Multidimensional structure for repetitive thought: What’s on your mind, and how, and how much? Jou…”

“E-mail: ahayes@miami.edu. cognitive, behavioral, experiential, and psychodynamic theories (Martin, 1997).”

“The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS; Feldman, Hayes, Kumar, & Greeson, 2004; S. C. Hayes & Feldman, 2004) is a 12-item inventory designed to measure attention, awareness, present-focus, and acceptance/ nonjudgment with respect to thoughts and feelings in general daily experience.”

“…effective antidotes against common forms of psychological distress – rumination, anxiety, worry, fear, anger, and so on – many of which involve the maladaptive tendencies to avoid, suppress, or over-engage with one's distressing thoughts and emotions (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Kabat-Zinn, 1990).”

“Results suggest that individuals low in mindfulness may be vulnerable to escalations from feelings of distress to excessive cognitive elaborations about feared future events and personal inadequacies, processes that mindfulness-based interventions for depression and anxiety are designed to interrupt (Hayes et al., 200…”

“…surface acting) as a potential mediator for two main reasons: First, because emotion regulation has repeatedly been proposed as a central mechanism in theoretical work on mindfulness (Bishop et al., 2004; Glomb et al., 2011; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Roemer & Orsillo, 2003; Shapiro et al., 2006).”

“Nonjudgmental awarenessmay facilitate a healthy engagementwith emotions (Hayes & Feldman, 2004), allowing individuals to genuinely experience and express their emotions (Bridges et al., 2004) without underengagement (e.g. experiential avoidance; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996,…”

“…& Walach, 2001), the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (A. M. Hayes & Feldman, 2004), and the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (Chadwick et al., 2008).”

“Western psychological theory and empirical evidence suggest mindfulness as both a psychological state and a construct that represents a dispositional tendency to exhibit mindfulness in everyday life (Baer et al. 2004; Bishop et al. 2004; Brown and Ryan 2003; Hayes and Feldman 2004).”

“This effect has been reported in previous literature (e.g., Bach & Hayes, 2002; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Among its theorized benefits are self-control (Bishop et al., 2004; Masicampo & Baumeister, 2007), objectivity (Adele & Feldman, 2004; Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007; Leary & Tate, 2007; Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006), affect tolerance (Fulton, 2005), enhanced flexibility (Adele &…”

“It has been suggested that persons recovering from depression may actively avoid positive affective experience ( Hayes & Feldman, 2004 ).”

“Mindfulness as measured by the CAMS-R is unique in two ways: (1) it is understood as the willingness and ability to be mindful rather than as a realization of mindfulness experience during the day, and (2) it is particularly related to psychological distress.”

“Hayes and Feldman (2004) suggest that emotions can be regulated either by avoidance or by over-engagement.”

“Analyzing variations in intervention frequency and intensity could also address the possibility that limited exposure to mindfulness practice may initially increase awareness of stress and emotional experience before observable benefits occur (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; White, in press).”

“…initially heighten awareness of unpleasant repetitive thought but, consistent with the principles of exposure therapy, ultimately facilitate its decrease through habituation, distress tolerance, and emotional processing (see Baer, 2003; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Linehan, 1993; Shapiro et al., 2006).”

“According to Hayes and Feldman (2004), the main goal of ACT is to discourage experiential avoidance, i.e., the unwillingness to experience negatively evaluated feelings, physical sensations, and thoughts and substitute experiential avoidance with acceptance of things as they are.”

“…(b) Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (Walach, Buchheld, Buttenmuller, Kleinknecht, & Schmidt, 2006), (c) Cognitive Affective Mindfulness Scale (A. M. Hayes & Feld- man, 2004), (d) Mindfulness Questionnaire (Chadwick, Taylor, & Abba, 2005), and (e) Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (Baer,…”

“Mindfulness may facilitate these aspects of adaptive emotional regulation by increasing the awareness and acceptance of emotional experiences, resulting in a more balanced engagement with those emotions (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Hayes and Feldman (2004) describe the ways that mindfulness practice may enhance emotion regulation abilities, by decreasing both overengagement (e.g., rumination and entanglement) and underengagement (e.g., avoidance) with emotions and facilitating healthy, adaptive engagement that promotes…”

“Thus ‘‘true’’ mindfulness has a quality of acceptance that may not be captured by the Brown and Ryan (2003) measure employed in this study, and which may be captured by other instruments which have since become available, such as the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills, Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale,…”

“Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) combines mindfulness techniques from Zen meditation with principles of traditional (i.e., ''second-wave''; Hayes, Follette, et al., 2004) cognitivebehavioral therapy and is the first treatment with proven efficacy for symptoms of borderline personality disorder…”

“It was developed through factor analyses with the aim of identifying the key facets of mindfulness using items from the five independently developed, theoretically derived, mindfulness scales which were available at the time: Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003); Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (W…”

“Mindful awareness is an established predictor of adaptive emotion regulation and coping [52, 61], and it has been suggested that self-compassion may promote healthy emotional responding in similar ways [32].”

“Therefore, elements of mindfulness can enhance subjective well-being by reorienting an individual away from maladaptive processes toward more healthy ways of dealing with psychological distress (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Kabat-Zinn, 1990).”

“The FFMQ is a 39-item self-report measure that was developed by integrating items from the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown and Ryan 2003), Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI; Buchheld et al. 2001), Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS; Baer et al. 2004), Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Sc…”

“Due to the relevance of mindfulness practice for emotion regulation, particularly in these neuropsychiatric disorders (Goldin and Gross, 2010; Hayes and Feldman, 2004; Way et al., 2010), it is important to understand the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation effects of mindfulness practice.”

“Psychometric properties of mindfulness questionnaires The most commonly used mindfulness questionnaires are the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) [4], the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) [16], the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) [17], the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) [18], an…”

“…Questionnaire (Chadwick et al., 2008), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (Feldman, Hayes, Kumar, Greeson, & Laurenceau, 2007; Hayes & Feldman, 2004), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006), the Philadelphia…”

“We made this change because the CAMS-R has shown sensitivity to change over the course of mindfulnessbased therapy (Hayes and Feldman, 2004) and because it was specifically created to be understandable to participants with little knowledge or insight about mindfulness, whereas the MAAS appeared to…”

“A Mindfulness-based interventions teach skills to help people notice thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations, whilst cultivating an accepting, curious and non-judgemental attitude (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Depression · Rumination · Avoidance · Emotion regulation Mindfulness training has become an increasingly useful clinical intervention for promoting emotion regulation (Hayes and Feldman 2004; Linehan 1993).”

“For example, mindfulness-based interventions have shown promise for ameliorating frequent PTSD comorbidities such as depression (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Ramel, Goldin, Carmona, & McQuaid, 2004; Toneatto & Nguyen, 2007), anxiety (Kabat-Zinn et al., 1992; Roemer, Orsillo, & Salters-Pedneault, 2008),…”

“By increasing mindfulness and awareness, the MBI might help to decrease rumination (Raes and Williams, 2010) and may reduce difficulties in awareness of internal experiences (Hayes and Feldman, 2004) common in GAD patients.”

“University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Hayes and Feldman 2004).”

“…(FMI; Buchheld, Grossman, & Walach, 2001), the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS; Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS; Hayes & Feldman, 2004), and the Mindfulness Questionaire (MQ; see Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006).”

“Skills aimed at increasing mindfulness promote the allowance of emotions, which, in turn, facilitate thought processes without overwhelming them or being constrained in response to them (Bishop et al., 2004; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“... meditation has produced numerous efforts to define and measure what mindfulness is (Baer et al. 2004, 2006; Brown and Ryan 2003; Chadwick et al. 2005 Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the mindfulness questionnaire, Unpublished manuscript; Feldman et al. 2004 Develo…”

“2006), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown and Ryan 2003), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R; Feldman et al. 2007; Hayes and Feldman 2004), the Southampton Mind-”

“Baer et al.’s (2006) measure of mindfulness was derived by factor-analyzing 112 items contained in five pre-existing self-report mindfulness scales, which were administered to a sample of over 600 college students: the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003); the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (Buchheld…”

“For example, rather than being unable to experience pleasure and happiness (anhedonia), some depressed individualsmay have an actual fear of experiencing positive emotions (Gilbert et al., 2012; Hayes & Feldman, 2004) or unwillingness to experience positive emotions (Beblo et al., 2012).”

“Our initial research suggests that increases in mindfulness are associated with decreases in avoidance and rumination, which might prepare the person for the second half of therapy (A. M. Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Kumar, Feldman, & Hayes, 2004).”

“Several self-report measures of mindfulness have been developed, including the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory [15], the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills [16], the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale [1], the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale [17] and the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire [18].”

“The increased symptoms of depression during this period predicted lower levels of depression after the intervention and were considered part of the process of mindfulness (Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“The ability to observe and act without biased judgment suggests enhanced emotion regulation (Brown & Ryan, 2004a; Hayes & Feldman, 2004), which serves to attenuate the occurrence of maladaptive, unwanted, and affect-laden preconceptions and behaviors through enhanced self-regulation capabilities…”

“Baer and her colleagues investigated the construct of mindfulness as assessed by the aforementioned measures along with two other assessments, the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (Feldman et al. 2004; Hayes and Feldman 2004), and the Mindfulness Questionnaire (Chadwick et al. 2005).”

“Recent literature has emphasized the importance of developing reliable and valid measures of the construct of mindfulness so that researchers can begin to investigate the efficacy of current mindfulness interventions, mechanisms through which mindfulness may facilitate clinical change, as well as the role that mindful…”

“…2001), the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS; Baer et al. 2004), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS; Feldman et al. 2004; Hayes and Feldman 2004), and the Mindfulness Questionnaire (MQ; later denominated the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire, Chadwick et al. 2008).”

“Numerous scholars have, in fact, suggested that the role of emotional vulnerabilities like anxiety sensitivity may be more complex than linear main effect models ( Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Zvolensky, Feldner et al., 2005).”

“Mindfulness is believed to enhance psychological wellbeing through the processes of decentering, acceptance, exposure and self-regulation (Allen et al. 2006; Baer 2003; Bishop et al. 2004; Brown et al. 2007; Chambers et al. 2008; Hayes and Feldman 2004; Hooker and Fodor 2008; Thompson and Gauntlett-Gilbert 2008).”

“…Eastern conceptualizations of mindfulness and select clinically oriented variables, Study 2 and 3 sought to examine the MMS in relation to affect, depression, anxiety, worry, and ruminative brooding, curiosity, and emotion regulation (Baer et al., 2004; Brown & Ryan, 2003; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Mindfulness targets repetitive negative thinking because it encourages sustaining one’s attention to present moment experiences and therefore prevents over-engagement with one’s thoughts (Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Shapiro, Oman, Thorensen, & Flinders, 2008).”

“…hu m I P A dd re ss :1 34 .1 47 .5 .1 86 grund der Annahme, dass Achtsamkeit zu einer verbesserten Emotionsregulation führt (z.B. Arch & Craske, 2006; Hayes & Feldman, 2004), nahmen wir an, dass eine erhöhte Achtsamkeit mit einem positiven Bindungsverhalten und einer besseren Emotionsregulation…”

“Awareness and acceptance of internal and external aspects of the present experience are assumed to bring about emotional stability through a nonevaluative re-cognition of sensations, emotions, and thoughts without reactivity or over-involvement (Bishop et al., 2004; Hayes and Feldman, 2004; Chambers et al., 2009).”

“In addition, correlational research supports the proposed association between mindfulness and reduced emotion regulation difficulties (Baer, 2006; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”

“Moreover, it bears links with the field of personal informatics and technologies for emotional awareness and affects regulation, since attention regulation is an important prerequisite for developing awareness, distance, and nonjudgmental acceptance of present emotions [30].”

“…2003), the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (Buchheld, Grossman, & Walach, 2001), the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (Hayes & Feldman, 2004), and the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (Chadwick et al., 2008).”

“…is used effectively in psychological stress reduction, preventing relapse of depressive episodes when integrated into cognitive therapy (Baer, 2003; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Ma & Teasdale, 2004; Teasdale, 1999), managing chronic pain along with behavior therapy (Sagula & Rice, 2004) and increasing…”

“All subjects were informed about the study and all provided informed consent.”

“…Mindfulness Inventory (Buchheld, Grossman, & Walach, 2001), Toronto Mindfulness Scale (Lau et al., 2006), Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (Hayes & Feldman, 2004), Mindfulness Questionnaire (Chadwick, Hember, Mead, Lilley, & Dagnan, 2005), Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (Cardaciotto &…”

“…of MBIs posit that the cultivation of mindfulness triggers emotion regulatory processes that optimize psychological functioning and alleviate psychological distress (Figure 1; Chambers, Gullone, & Allen, 2009; Hayes & Feldman, 2004; Holzel et al., 2011; Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006).”

“…Baer, Smith, and Allen (2004, p. 193), reflecting the “general tendency to be mindful in daily life” across a number of different domains; this conceptualization is distinct from other mindfulness constructs (e.g. K. W. Brown & Ryan, 2003; Conte, Ratto, & Karasu, 1996; A. M. Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”