What if worms were sentient? Insights into subjective experience from the Caenorhabditis elegans connectome

Zalucki, Oressia; Brown, Deborah J.; Key, Brian

doi:10.1007/s10539-023-09924-y

Cited by 7Philosophy and Theoretical ScienceNeurobiology and Insect Physiology ResearchPhilosophy and History of Science

What if worms were sentient? Insights into subjective experience from the Caenorhabditis elegans connectome

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Zalucki, Oressia, Brown, Deborah J., Key, Brian·2023·Biology & Philosophy

DOI 10.1007/s10539-023-09924-y

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Abstract

Deciphering the neural basis of subjective experience remains one of the great challenges in the natural sciences. The structural complexity and the limitations around invasive experimental manipulations of the human brain have impeded progress towards this goal. While animals cannot directly report first-person subjective experiences, their ability to exhibit flexible behaviours such as motivational trade-offs are generally considered evidence of sentience. The worm Caenorhabditis elegans affords the unique opportunity to describe the circuitry underlying subjective experience at a single cell level as its whole neural connectome is known and moreover, these animals exhibit motivational trade-offs. We started with the premise that these worms were sentient and then sought to understand the neurons that were both necessary and sufficient for a motivational trade-off involving the rewarding experience of food and the negative experience of an aversive odour. A simple hierarchical network consisting of two chemosensory neurons and three interneurons was found to produce an output to motoneurons that enabled worms to respond in a contextually appropriate manner to an aversive odour according to the worm's hunger state. Given that this circuitry is like that found in the human spinal cord, retina, and primary visual cortex, three regions which are neither necessary nor sufficient for subjective experience, we conclude that motivational trade-offs are not a criterion for subjective experience in worms. Furthermore, once the neural substrate for a behaviour is described, we question the explanatory role of subjective experience in behaviour.

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Caenorhabditis elegans must integrate information: the motivational value of food cues is downgraded after satiation, and different motivational drives mutually inhibit one another.
“So, for example, there is a sense in which Caenorhabditis elegans must integrate information: the motivational value of (say) food cues is downgraded after satiation, and different motivational drives mutually inhibit one another (see [89] for a good review).”
From Phenomenal interface theory: a model for basal consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [89]
The section ‘Neural circuitry generating flexible olfactory behaviours in C. elegans’ (page unavailable) describes AIB integrating food-related and aversive-odour inputs, with the worm’s response changing according to hunger state. It does not establish that satiation downgrades the motivational value of food cues or that different motivational drives mutually inhibit one another; the inhibition it describes is between specific neural signals. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Phenomenal interface theory: a model for basal consciousness
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Authors: Zalucki, O., Brown, D. J., & Key, B.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Key, Brian
ORCID: Zalucki, Oressia
Brown, Deborah J.
Key, Brian
Venue: Biology & Philosophy
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2023-08-23
Volume: 38
Issue: 5
ISSN: 0169-3867 (ISSN-L)
1572-8404
DOI: 10.1007/s10539-023-09924-y
OpenAlex: W4386090991
Cited by: 7
References: 171
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5
FWCI: 1.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Biology & Philosophy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Australian Research Council (DP200102909)
The University of Queensland
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
Keywords: sentience, subjective experience, Caenorhabditis elegans, connectome, chemosensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, food reward, hunger, neural circuits, animal sentience

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What if worms were sentient? Insights into subjective experience from the Caenorhabditis elegans connectome

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