Development of the parental psychological flexibility questionnaire
Abstract
This paper describes development and validation of the Parental Psychological Flexibility (PPF) Questionnaire, a parent-report measure designed to assess psychological flexibility among parents of pre-adolescents and adolescents (aged 10-18 years). Psychological flexibility within parenting refers to parents' accepting negative thoughts, emotions and urges about one's child and still acting in ways that are consistent with effective parenting. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 178 parents) of a 43-item draft measure, resulted in a 30-item, 3-factor structure. Three subscales were created, consistent with the psychological flexibility literature: acceptance, cognitive defusion and committed action. A second sample of parents (n = 192) was then used to confirm the factor structure and reliability and validity of the PPF. Results supported the 3-factor structure, reduced the number of items to 19 and demonstrated that the PPF subscales have adequate reliability and validity and are thus suitable for researching psychological flexibility among parents of pre-adolescents and adolescents.
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There exist targeted measures for experiential avoidance/psychological flexibility related to parenting, such as the Parental Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire and the Parent Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire.
“There exist also targeted measures for experiential avoidance/ psychological flexibility related to parenting such as the Parental Psychological Flexibility (PPF[41]) Questionnaire”
From Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
Lower parenting-specific psychological flexibility is associated with less effective caregiving practices.
“Lower parenting-specific psychological flexibility in the general population is associated with increased mental health problems in both caregivers and children, decreased self-efficacy in caregivers and more externalising problems in children throughout childhood and adolescence (Biglan et al., 2015;Brassell et al., 2016;Emerson, Ogielda, & Rowse, 2019) and less effective caregiving practices (e.”
From Psychological Flexibility in Caregivers of Children With Congenital Craniofacial Conditions in the United Kingdom. (2026) · cites this paper as Burke & Moore, 2015
Psychological flexibility is associated with psychological wellbeing in various populations, including caregivers and their children and caregivers of children with disabilities.
“The current findings are consistent with previous research which suggests that psychological flexibility is associated with psychological wellbeing in various populations, including caregivers and their children as well as caregivers of children with disabilities (Biglan et al., 2015;Brassell et al., 2016;Burke & Moore, 2015;Emerson, Ogielda, & Rowse, 2019;Gur & Reich, 2023;Hayes et al., 1999;Kash”
From Psychological Flexibility in Caregivers of Children With Congenital Craniofacial Conditions in the United Kingdom. (2026) · cites this paper as Burke & Moore, 2015
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- Authors
- Burke, K., & Moore, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Burke, Kylie
- Venue
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development
- Published
- 2014-09-19
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 548-557
- ISSN
- 0009-398X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3327
- OpenAlex
- W2038347175
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- psychological flexibility, parenting, acceptance, cognitive defusion, committed action, parent-report measures, preadolescents, adolescents, questionnaire development, factor structure, psychometric validation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Parenting
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