Exploration of anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance as vulnerability factors for hoarding behaviors
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of compulsive hoarding, characterized by the acquisition of and failure to discard a large number of possessions, is increasingly recognized as a significant public health burden. Despite the magnitude of the impairment associated with this condition, empirical research is still in the nascent stages and many facets of the phenomenology, underlying vulnerability and risk factors for hoarding, are as of yet unknown. METHOD: The overall aim of the current investigation was to examine the association between hoarding behaviors and two potential vulnerability factors-anxiety sensitivity (AS) and distress tolerance (DT). In addition, we investigated the robustness of these associations as well as the interaction between the two hypothesized risk factors. Three studies (total N=745) involving independent nonclinical samples assessed hoarding, AS, DT, and relevant covariates using a range of measures. Resutlts: Findings revealed that AS and hoarding are significantly and robustly associated with one another beyond general depressive, anxiety, and nonhoarding obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Hoarding was also found to be associated with low DT. Consistent with prediction, AS and DT interacted such that DT may play a less important role among individuals with low AS. By contrast, low DT appears to increase vulnerability to hoarding symptoms among individuals high in AS. Results are discussed with regard to future research and treatment implications. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Several studies have explored the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and/or distress tolerance in the hoarding disorder population.
“although several have explored the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and/or distress tolerance in this population”
From Emotion and internal experience in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Reviewing the role of alexithymia, anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance (2014) · cites this paper as Timpano, et al., 2009
The Abstract (Method; page not provided) reports three studies examining anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, and hoarding behaviors. But those studies used independent nonclinical samples, not a diagnosed hoarding-disorder population; the Discussion calls for replication in clinical populations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLow distress tolerance is a predictor of more severe anxiety and depressive symptoms in nonclinical samples of children and adolescents.
“previous studies have shown that low distress tolerance is a predictor of more severe anxiety and depressive symptoms in nonclinical samples of children and adolescents”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says depressive symptoms have been found to be related to low distress tolerance. But the paper's Study 2 and 3 Methods describe undergraduate samples, not nonclinical samples of children and adolescents, and its Results examine hoarding symptoms rather than whether low distress tolerance predicts the severity of both anxiety and depressive symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychological flexibility is significantly associated with hoarding behaviors.
“Psychological flexibility has been found to be significantly associated with hoarding behaviors (40).”
From Psychological mechanism of acceptance and commitment therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy for treating hoarding: Evidence from randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
The Abstract Results report significant associations between hoarding and anxiety sensitivity, and an association with low distress tolerance. The Introduction defines distress tolerance as the capacity to withstand negative emotional states, but our copy does not identify it as psychological flexibility or report an association between psychological flexibility and hoarding (searched: psychological flexibility, psychological inflexibility). (LLM, conf=0.75)
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“This finding was generally replicated in subsequent investigations.([18,19]) Unfortunately, none of these studies assessed specific symptom subtypes of OCD and therefore no empirical conclusions are viable regarding the relationship between AS and hoarding.”
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“[3–5] Hoarding is defined as the acquisition of and failure to discard a large number of possessions, which results in debilitating clutter and subsequent impairment and distress.”
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“Past research has found that the ASI factors often demonstrate different sensitivity in predicting symptoms and behavioral responses.([37]) As can be seen in Table 1, all three subscales of the ASI were significantly correlated with the OCIR hoarding items (all Pso.”
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“With regard to DT and impulse control disorders, past research has found DT to be low in disorders with increased impulsivity features, including substance use disorders,([47]) borderline personality disorder,([25]) and pathological gambling.([48]) Findings from Study 3 also suggest that low DT may act synergistically…”
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“Although DT is similar to AS, there are conceptual distinctions.([21]) Whereas AS reflects fears about anxiety-related sensations, DT refers to a decreased capacity to withstand negative emotional states.”
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“Within such a model, a combination of risks may lead to a special pathological synergy that in turn results in the maladaptive behavior.([27,28]) Accordingly, one factor may interact with the other variable in such a way that one would expect individuals with both vulnerability factors to be at an amplified risk for t…”
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“Consistent with past work (Anestis et al., 2007; Bernstein et al., in press; Timpano et al., 2009), DT was related to AS such that as an individual's tolerance for distress decreases their fear of anxiety related symptoms increases.”
ResultSelf-citationLaposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., Hawley, L. L., & Rector, N. A. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.04.003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“A series of four independent t-tests compared the mean DTS total score from each of the clinical diagnostic groups in the current sample with a previously published score from a nonclinical sample (Timpano et al., 2009 Study 3, DTSMean = 3.3, DTSSD= 1.0).”
MethodInfluentialVujanovic, A. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Potter, C. M., Marshall, E. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-010-9209-2 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties in hoarding disorder
Fernández de la Cruz, L., Landau, D., Iervolino, A. C., Santo, S., Pertusa, A., Singh, S., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.01.004 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Robinson, L. J., & Freeston, M. H. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.003 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Studies focussing specifically on hoarding disorder were excluded from the present review, although several have explored the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and/or distress tolerance in this population (Coles, Frost, Heimberg, & Steketee, 2003; Fernandez de la Cruz et al., 2013; Timpano, Keough, Traeger, & S…”
BackgroundNorr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Distress tolerance and obsessions: an integrative analysis
Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., Fitch, K. E., & Hawkins, K. A. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20846 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationBernstein, A., Marshall, E. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.006610 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029760 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationShaw, A. M., Timpano, K. R., Steketee, G., Tolin, D. F., & Frost, R. O. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.009 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“…found that more severe hoarding symptoms are associated with greater negative urgency (i.e., tendency to act impulsively under negative affective states; Timpano et al., 2013) and lower distress tolerance (i.e., capacity to tolerate distress; Timpano et al., 2009, 2011b; Timpano et al., 2014a).”
BackgroundA multifaceted assessment of emotional tolerance and intensity in hoarding
Timpano, K. R., Shaw, A. M., Cougle, J. R., & Fitch, K. E. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.04.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicidal Ideation in Anxiety-Disordered Youth: Identifying Predictors of Risk
Rodriguez, K. A. O., & Kendall, P. C. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.843463 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Norr, A. M., Allan, N. P., Macatee, R. J., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.011 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationNorberg, M. M., Crone, C., Kwok, C., & Grisham, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.08 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…de La Cruz et al., 2013; Hezel & Hooley, 2014; Mathes et al., 2017; Norberg, Keyan, & Grisham, 2015; Phung et al., 2015; Shaw & Timpano, 2016; Shaw, Timpano, Steketee, Tolin, & Frost, 2015; Timpano et al., 2009; Timpano, Keough, Traeger, & Schmidt, 2011; Timpano, Shaw, Cougle, & Fitch, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKyrios, M., Mogan, C., Moulding, R., Frost, R. O., Yap, K., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2164 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mitchell, M. A., Riccardi, C. J., Keough, M. E., Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.12.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMackin, R. S., Areán, P. A., Delucchi, K., & Mathews, C. A. (2010) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2531 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“LLDþ SCH group did not differ from the LLD group with respect to depression severity, age of depression onset, or anxiety symptom severity, with the latter finding being relatively unexpected given other findings that suggest that SCH individuals often report significant distress related to anxious symptomatology (Tim…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIntolerance of uncertainty as a vulnerability factor for hoarding behaviors
Oglesby, M. E., Medley, A. N., Norr, A. M., Capron, D. W., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationFelton, J. W., Banducci, A. N., Shadur, J. M., Stadnik, R., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000335 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Moulding, R., Nedeljkovic, M., Kyrios, M., Osborne, D., & Mogan, C. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Experiential Avoidance and Saving Cognitions in the Prediction of Hoarding Symptoms
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, J. C., Berman, N. C., & Fabricant, L. E. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9338-7 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Distress tolerance, which is similar to EA in that it refers to the capacity to withstand negative emotional events (e.g., Boulanger et al. 2010), has also been implicated as a vulnerability factor for hoarding symptoms ( Timpano et al. 2009 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialPredictors of hoarding severity in older adults with hoarding disorder
Ayers, C. R., & Dozier, M. E. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214001677 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Because previous studies found that anxiety sensitivity was significantly related to hoarding symptoms in non-clinical undergraduate samples (Timpano et al., 2009), the findings of the current study further demonstrate the inadequacy of non-clinical undergraduate populations to serve as a testing ground for hypotheses…”
ResultGeneral Life Stress and Hoarding: Examining the Role of Emotional Tolerance
Timpano, K. R., Keough, M. E., Traeger, L. N., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.3.263 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In the same vein, emotional intolerance may elicit more hoarding symptoms (Timpano et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGoetz, A. R., Lee, H., Cougle, J. R., & Turkel, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
An investigation of the role of intolerance of uncertainty in hoarding symptoms
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Jacoby, R. J., Zwerling, J., & Rodríguez, C. I. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.047 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“, 2011) and anxiety sensitivity (Coles et al., 2003; Timpano et al., 2009).”
Emotional regulation, attachment to possessions and hoarding symptoms
Phung, P. J., Moulding, R., Taylor, J. K., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12239 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Consideration of the BDNF gene in relation to two phenotypes: Hoarding and obesity.
Timpano, K. R., Schmidt, N. B., Wheaton, M. G., Wendland, J. R., & Murphy, D. L. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024159 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationGrisham, J. R., Roberts, L., Cerea, S., Isemann, S., Svehla, J., & Norberg, M. M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.084 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effects of Cognitive Bias Modification Training via Smartphones
Yang, R., Cui, L., Feng, L., Xiao, J., Zhang, Q., & Oei, T. P. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01370 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Other studies (Timpano et al., 2009; Amir and Taylor, 2012) showed that people with anxiety also benefited from multi-session bias modification at a 4-month follow-up.”
BackgroundFitzpatrick, M., Nedeljkovic, M., Abbott, J.-A., Kyrios, M., & Moulding, R. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Anxiety sensitivity: a potential vulnerability factor for compulsive hoarding
Medley, A. N., Capron, D. W., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.738242 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In the next study, Timpano et al. (2009) found that AS physical concerns (i.e. the exaggerated fear of the physical symptoms of anxiety such as rapid heartbeat, hyperventilation, and sweating) were associated with hoarding as measured by the saving inventory revised (SIR).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationDistress tolerance and experiential avoidance in compulsive acquisition behaviours
Williams, A. D. (2012) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2012.00055.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
David, J., Crone, C. L., & Norberg, M. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2660 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Neuropsychological and neurophysiological insights into hoarding disorder
Grisham, J. R., & Baldwin, P. A. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s62084 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Brandt, C. P., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bonn-Miller, M. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9497-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
An examination of the role of intolerance of distress and uncertainty in hoarding symptoms
Mathes, B. M., Oglesby, M. E., Short, N. A., Portero, A. K., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.10.007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationKraemer, K. M., Luberto, C. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2012) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2012.693604 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Given the well-known relationship between AS and anxiety psychopathology, there has been a growing level of research and clinical interest in understanding factors, such as DT, that moderate, or strengthen this relationship (Keough et al., 2010; Timpano et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShaw, A. M., & Timpano, K. R. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHoarding and eating pathology: the mediating role of emotion regulation
Raines, A. M., Boffa, J. W., Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Creativity, personality, and hoarding behavior
Hezel, D. M., & Hooley, J. M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.037 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“, 2006) and distress tolerance (Timpano et al., 2009) in hoarding samples relative to people with no hoarding behavior.”
BackgroundKhosravani, V., Ardestani, S. M. S., Bastan, F. S., & Malayeri, S. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9859-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Confirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in Youth
Tonarely, N. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00935-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Distress tolerance and symptoms of depression: A review and integration of literatures
Lass, A. N. S., & Winer, E. S. (2020) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12336 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Hoarding in Children and Adolescents: A Review
Morris, S. H., Jaffee, S. R., Goodwin, G. P., & Franklin, M. E. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0607-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mood influences the relationship between distress intolerance and discarding
Norberg, M. M., Keyan, D., & Grisham, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.06.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Katz, D., Rector, N. A., & Laposa, J. M. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1334087 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Timpano, K. R., Raines, A. M., Shaw, A. M., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.022 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationADHD and executive functioning deficits in OCD youths who hoard
Park, J. M., SAMUELS, J. F., Grados, M. A., Riddle, M. A., Bienvenu, O. J., Goes, F. S., Cullen, B., Wang, Y., Krasnow, J., Murphy, D. L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Difficulties modulating emotions may also explain the low distress tolerance and patterns of emotional and behavioral dysregulation often exhibited among those with hoarding behavior (Hamblin, et al., 2015; Timpano et al., 2009), making the task of discarding items even more difficult.”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhang, W., Yang, X., Zhao, J., Yang, F., Jia, Y., Cui, C., & Yang, X. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/22227 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“A great number of previous studies indicate that negative emotionality, maladaptive cognitive style, and low levels of optimism are associated with the risks of negative psychological impacts [9,19,20].”
BackgroundHashoul-Andary, R., Nitzan-Assayag, Y., Yuval, K., Aderka, I. M., Litz, B. T., & Bernstein, A. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9730-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…cross-sectional studies in nonclinical samples of convenience (e.g., university students) who report exposure to PTE at some point in their lifetime (rather than a recent exposure), constraining causal inference and external validity (Keough et al. 2010; Kraemer et al. 2012; Timpano et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialFang, S., Ding, D., Zhang, R., & Huang, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1084467 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Psychological flexibility has been found to be significantly associated with hoarding behaviors (40).”
BackgroundThe Etiology of Hoarding Disorder: A Review
Dozier, M. E., & Ayers, C. R. (2017) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000479235 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Applying attachment theory to indecisiveness in hoarding disorder
Crone, C., Kwok, C., Chau, V., & Norberg, M. M. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.055 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Experiential Avoidance in Individuals with Hoarding Disorder
Wheaton, M. G., Fabricant, L. E., Berman, N. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9511-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“structs such as distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity (Timpano et al. 2009).”
BackgroundPerceived control: A general psychological vulnerability factor for hoarding
Raines, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Unruh, A. S., Capron, D. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived emotion regulation and emotional distress tolerance in patients with hoarding disorder
Worden, B. L., Levy, H. C., Das, A., Katz, B. W., Stevens, M. C. G., & Tolin, D. F. (2019) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.100441 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In these studies of nonclinical samples, higher scores on measures of hoarding behaviors have been found to be related to lower self-reported EDT (Timpano, Buckner, Richey, Murphy, & Schmidt, 2009), higher scores in EDT/ER constructs such as anxiety sensitivity (Coles, Frost, Heimberg, & Steketee, 2003; Timpano et al.…”
BackgroundLass, A. N. S., Winer, E. S., Collins, A. C., & Rokke, P. D. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10131-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Semcho, S. A., Southward, M. W., Stumpp, N. E., MacLean, D. L., Hood, C. O., Wolitzky-Taylor, K., & Sauer-Zavala, S. (2023) · Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.55913/joep.v1i1.9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Factor Structure and Incremental Utility of the Distress Tolerance Scale: A Bifactor Analysis
Rogers, T. A., Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Benfer, N. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118789496 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Timpano, K. R., Carbonella, J. Y., Keough, M. E., Abramowitz, J. S., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.2.95 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding and treating hoarding disorder: a review of cognitive-behavioral models and treatment
Wheaton, M. G. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.02.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mishra, A. A., Indwar, R. G., & Samu, S. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-02-2021-4439 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The association between affect amplification and urgency
Weitzman, M. L., McHugh, R. K., & Otto, M. W. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20830 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Is Hoarding a Symptom of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Fabricant, L. E., Berman, N. C., & Franklin, J. C. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.3.225 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Scared and surrounded by clutter: the influence of emotional reactivity
Crone, C., & Norberg, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.066 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Krafft, J., Ong, C. W., Twohig, M. P., & Levin, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.08.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In addition, emotion dysregulation and intolerance of distress appear to be linked to hoarding severity (Timpano, Buckner, Richey, Murphy, & Schmidt, 2009; Timpano, Shaw, Cougle, & Fitch, 2014).”
Toward a biopsychosocial model of hoarding disorder
Tolin, D. F. (2022) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2022.100775 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Affect Intolerance and Hoarding Symptoms: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Shaw, A. M., Llabre, M. M., & Timpano, K. R. (2015) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct_2015_8_05 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMoulding, R., Mancuso, S. G., Rehm, I. C., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139941297.014 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Melli, G., Moulding, R., & Poli, A. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.09.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A multi-method analysis of distress tolerance in body dysmorphic disorder
Matheny, N. L., Summers, B. J., Macatee, R. J., Harvey, A. M., Okey, S. A., & Cougle, J. R. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Timpano et al. (2009) found a similar relationship in hoarding, such that greater hoarding symptoms were significantly related to lower self-reported DT in a nonclinical sample.”
BackgroundDental Care–Related Fear and Anxiety: Distress Tolerance as a Possible Mechanism
Addicks, S. H., McNeil, D. W., Randall, C. L., Goddard, A. W., Romito, L. M., Sirbu, C., Kaushal, G., Metzger, A., & Weaver, B. D. (2017) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/2380084417691962 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hoarding among outpatients seeking treatment at a psychiatric hospital in Singapore
Ong, C. W., Sagayadevan, V., Lee, S. P., Ong, R. H. S., Chong, S. A., Frost, R. O., & Subramaniam, M. (2015) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.12.002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An examination of the role of psychological inflexibility in hoarding using multiple mediator models
Ong, C. W., Krafft, J., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.32.2.97 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Object attachment and emotion (Dys)regulation across development and clinical populations
Timpano, K. R., & Port, J. H. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationA narrative synthesis of possible causes and risk factors of hoarding behaviours
Hombali, A. S., Sagayadevan, V., Tan, W. M., Chong, R., Yip, H. W., Vaingankar, J. A., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.04.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Norberg, M. M., Beath, A., Kerin, F. J., Martyn, C., Baldwin, P. A., & Grisham, J. R. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Specific and general facets of hoarding: A bifactor model
Raines, A. M., Allan, N. P., Oglesby, M. E., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.05.013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationAre self-reported difficulties in emotional regulation associated with hoarding? a systematic review
Barton, J. A. L., Johns, L., & Salkovskis, P. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100660 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Saleem, S., Renshaw, K. D., Azhar, M., Giff, S. T., & Mahmood, Z. (2021) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-021-09373-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cognitive processes in hoarding: The role of rumination
Portero, A. K., Durmaz, D. A., Raines, A. M., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.024 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationGrisham, J. R., Yap, K., Isemann, S., Svehla, J., Briggs, N., & Norberg, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100450 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that DT is a specific predictor of hoarding symptom severity in both nonclinical and clinical samples (Coles et al., 2003; Grisham et al., 2018; Medley et al., 2013; Oglesby et al., 2013; Timpano et al., 2009, 2014; Worden et al., 2019).”
Garey, L., Zvolensky, M. J., Gallagher, M., Vujanovic, A. A., Kendzor, D. E., Stephens, L., Cheney, M., Cole, A. B., Kezbers, K., Matoska, C. T., et al. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/40713 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Investigating the Function of Hoarding
Krafft, J., Ong, C. W., Cruz, R. A., Twohig, M. P., & Levin, M. E. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
정지현, & Kwon, S. (2013) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2013.32.3.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mohammadkhani, S., Akbari, M., Shahbahrami, M., Seydavi, M., & Kolubinski, D. C. (2022) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00467-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hoarding Behaviors and Alcohol Use: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation
Raines, A. M., Chavarria, J., Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1305414 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationCasline, E. P., Patel, Z. S., Timpano, K. R., & Jensen‐Doss, A. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01078-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationLermer, E., Hudecek, M. F. C., Gaube, S., Raue, M., & Batz, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769206 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, C. S., Bowman, M., & Wu, J. (2022) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0448 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Levy, H. C., Frost, R. O., Offermann, E. A., Steketee, G. S., & Tolin, D. F. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10022-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Caiado, B., Santos, D., Pereira, B., Góis, A. C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010115 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…shown that low distress tolerance is a predictor of more severe anxiety and depressive symptoms in nonclinical samples of children and adolescents [24–27], and that is associated with higher levels of externalizing problems (such as alcohol use and delinquent behaviors) among nonclinical samples…”
BackgroundUnderstandingDSM-5 Hoarding Disorder: A Triple Vulnerability Model
Raines, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2016.1167474 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Although considerable work on hoarding disorder has used a similar approach and hoarding occurs on a continuum (e.g., Medley et al., 2013; Timpano et al., 2009), future research should examine whether these findings generalize to a clinical sample, as the percentage of individuals meeting clinical levels of hoarding i…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationBenfer, N., Bardeen, J. R., & Fergus, T. A. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.31.2.91 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Marazziti, D., Pozza, A., Mucci, F., & Dèttore, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634454 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An initial investigation of the relationships between hoarding and smoking
Raines, A. M., Unruh, A. S., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The mean OCI-R hoarding subscale score was comparable to those found in other reports utilizing nonclinical samples (Oglesby et al., 2013; Timpano et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationPardini, S., Olivetto, S., Fusina, F., & Novara, C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280933 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hillman, S. R., Lomax, C. L., Khaleel, N., Smith, T. R., & Gregory, J. D. (2022) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000108 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“AS is defined as a distinct fear of anxiety related to bodily sensations and associated harmful consequences (Timpano et al., 2009), with low DT (an aspect of emotional dysregulation) being defined as the inability to withstand any negative emotional state and feelings of distress being interpreted…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCo-occurring Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Hoarding Disorder: A Review of the Current Literature
Worden, B. L., & Tolin, D. F. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2021-0010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Timpano, K. R., Buckner, J. D., Richey, J. A., Murphy, D. L., & Schmidt, N. B.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Norman B.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 343-353
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6394
- PMC
- PMC2770430
- OpenAlex
- W1965662568
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, public-domain)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f31mh080467-01a1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH000336, R01MH064734, F31 MH080467, F31 MH080467-01A1, MH62056, R21 MH62056, R21MH062056, MH064734)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31DA021457, F31 DA12457-01)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (F31DC012457)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD052120)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Keywords
- hoarding, anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, vulnerability factors, risk factors, hoarding disorder, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depression, non-clinical population, interaction effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Attitude to Health, Bleeding Time, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult
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