Shared variance among self-report and behavioral measures of distress intolerance
Open accessAbstract
Distress intolerance may be an important individual difference variable in understanding maladaptive coping responses across diagnostic categories. However, the measurement of distress intolerance remains inconsistent across studies and little evidence for convergent validity among existing measures is available. This study evaluated the overlap among self-report and behavioral measures of distress intolerance in four samples, including an unselected sample, a sample of patients with drug dependence, and two samples of cigarette smokers. Results suggested that the self-report measures were highly correlated, as were the behavioral measures; however, behavioral and self-report measures did not exhibit significant associations with each other. There was some evidence of domain specificity, with anxiety sensitivity demonstrating strong associations with somatic distress intolerance, and a lack of association between behavioral measures that elicit affective distress and those that elicit somatic distress. These findings highlight a potential divergence in the literature relative to the conceptualization of distress intolerance as either sensitivity to distress or as the inability to persist at a task when distressed. Further research is needed to elucidate the conceptualization and measurement of distress intolerance to facilitate future clinical and research applications of this construct.
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Behavioral distress tolerance tasks show some domain specificity.
“Behavioral DT tasks have been shown to demonstrate some level of domain specificity”
From The Effect of a Brief Mindfulness Training on Distress Tolerance and Stress Reactivity. (2019) · cites this paper as McHugh et al, 2011
This potential for divergence between the DTS, BSIM and PASAT-C resonates with the weak associations typically reported in the literature between self-report and behavioral assessments of distress tolerance.
“This potential for divergence between the DTS, BSIM and PASAT-C resonates with the weak associations typically reported in the literature between self-report and behavioral assessments of distress tolerance (McHugh et al., 2011).”
From Investigating the association between parental reflective functioning and distress tolerance in motherhood. (2015) · cites this paper as McHugh et al., 2011
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“Previous studies have similarly not found an association between questionnaire measures and the behavioral measures of distress tolerance (Iverson, Follette, Pistorello, & Fruzzetti, 2012; McHugh et al., 2011; Schloss & Haaga, 2011).”
ResultEvaluating Distress Tolerance Measures: Interrelations and Associations with Impulsive Behaviors
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“…tolerance literature as self-report and behavioral measures of distress tolerance are not significantly correlated, suggesting the possibility that the two methods may measure separate constructs of sensitivity to distress and the ability to persist in a task when distressed (McHugh et al., 2011).”
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“…behavioral measures of DT are often not significantly intercorrelated (Anestis, Lavender et al., in press; Bernstein, Marshall, & Zvolensky, 2011; McHugh et al., 2011), and are differentially associated with a variety of clinical outcomes (Anestis, Lavender et al., in press; Bernstein et al.,…”
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“…another and behavioral measures of distress tolerance are typically significantly associated with one another, self-report and behavioral measures generally do not demonstrate significant relationships with one another (e.g., Anestis et al., 2011b; Bernstein et al., in press; McHugh et al., 2011).”
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“In addition, although breath-holding duration was correlated with mirror - tracing and self-reported DTS score, DTS and mirror tracing were not signifi cantly correlated, confi rming a clear difference between self-report and some task measures of distress tolerance ( McHugh et al., 2011 ).”
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“Given that distress tolerance, both in study 1 and in prior work demonstrating a link between distress tolerance and the acquired capability, was only measured using self-report questionnaires, there is a chance that this relationship is best explained by shared method variance, a particularly important point given re…”
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Peterson, C. M., Becker, K. R., & Fischer, S. F. (2014) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1256 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Distress tolerance trajectories following substance use treatment.
Reese, E. D., Conway, C., Anand, D., Bauer, D. J., & Daughters, S. B. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000403 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…tolerance (DT), or the actual or perceived ability to persist in goal-directed activity while withstanding physical or psychological discomfort (McHugh et al., 2011), is regarded as a proxy for negative reinforcement behavior, and has consistently been associated with indices of substance use.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Nomological Network of Self-Reported Distress Tolerance
Kiselica, A. M., Rojas, E. C., Bornovalova, M. A., & Dubé, C. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114559407 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
What are measures of distress tolerance really capturing? A mixed methods analysis.
Ameral, V., Palm Reed, K. M., Cameron, A., & Armstrong, J. L. (2014) · Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000024 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Profiles of Distress Intolerance in a Substance-Dependent Sample
Kathryn McHugh, R., & Otto, M. W. (2012) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2011.643990 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Although recent studies have provided support for the domain specificity of DI (13,14), additional research in this area is needed.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationBernstein, A., & Brantz, H. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9471-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Evaluation of TNAS by means of multi-method experimental measures (e.g., multi-modal responding to various emotion states elicited in the lab in real-time) is an important aim for future research (Bernstein et al. 2011; McHugh et al. 2011).”
MethodA Brief Report on the Assessment of Distress Tolerance: Are We Measuring the Same Construct?
Glassman, L. H., Martin, L., Bradley, L. E., Ibrahim, A., Goldstein, S. P., Forman, E. M., & Herbert, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-015-0224-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Veilleux, J. C., Pollert, G. A., Zielinski, M. J., Shaver, J. A., & Hill, M. A. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116689819 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Indeed, the significant associations between behavioral measures found in the extant literature are typically between measures in the same domain, such as frustration tolerance, where the PASAT and mirror tracing typically correlate significantly (Ameral et al., 2014; Bornovalova et al., 2008; Daughters et al., 2005;…”
BackgroundDistress tolerance and experiential avoidance in compulsive acquisition behaviours
Williams, A. D. (2012) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2012.00055.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Validation of Self-Report Measures of Emotional and Physical Distress Tolerance
Cougle, J. R., Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., & Macatee, R. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9317-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Task Persistence Predicts Smoking Cessation in Smokers with and without Schizophrenia
Steinberg, M., Williams, J. M., Gandhi, K., Foulds, J., Epstein, E., & Brandon, T. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0028375 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nugent, K. L., Chiappelli, J., Sampath, H., Rowland, L. M., Thangavelu, K., Davis, B. J., Du, X. M., Muellerklein, F., Daughters, S. B., Kochunov, P., et al. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000215 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Both the PASATand theMTPT have been widely used as measures of distress intolerance (DI) (42,43).”
MethodSelf-citationBrandt, C. P., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bonn-Miller, M. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9497-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Benfer, N., Bardeen, J. R., & Clauss, K. E. (2018) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.09.006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vujanovic, A. A., Dutcher, C. D., & Berenz, E. C. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.08.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…tolerance measures tend to be moderately correlated (Bernstein, Zvolensky, Vujanovic, & Moos, 2009; McHugh et al., 2011; McHugh & Otto, 2012) and behavioral measures tend to be moderately correlated (Marshall-Berenz, Vujanovic, Bonn-Miller, Bernstein, & Zvolensky, 2010; McHugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSchlam, T. R., Baker, T. B., Smith, S. S., Cook, J. W., & Piper, M. E. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz070 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Emotion Dysregulation Moderates the Association Between Stress and Problematic Cannabis Use
Cavalli, J. M., & Cservenka, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.597789 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The use of both behavioral and self-report measures of emotion regulation in the same study may provide a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of this complex and multi-faceted construct (68).”
BackgroundTull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9490-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…suggests that self-report and behavioral measures of DT are often not significantly intercorrelated (Anestis et al. in press; Bernstein et al. 2011; McHugh et al. 2011) and are differentially associated with a variety of clinical outcomes (Anestis et al. in press; Bernstein et al. 2011; see also…”
BackgroundSütterlin, S., Schroijen, M., Constantinou, E., Smets, E., den Bergh, O. V., & Diest, I. V. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00483 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Recent publications critically discussed both the ambiguity of the definition of distress tolerance, as well as the conceptual validity of various assessment techniques such as selfreport or experimental distress induction (Leyro et al., 2010; McHugh et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCohen, J. R., Danielson, C., Adams, Z. W., & Ruggiero, K. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9545-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“2013), adding to a growing body of research that questions the predictive utility of DT for emotional distress (McHugh et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMoshier, S. J., Hearon, B. A., Calkins, A. W., Szuhany, K. L., Utschig, A. C., Smits, J. A. J., & Otto, M. W. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9489-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Since this time, AS has performed well relative to other measures of distress tolerance, providing relatively strong assessment across domains of distress despite its most obvious focus on distress in relation to anxiety-like symptoms (McHugh et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDistress tolerance and physiological reactivity to stress predict women's problematic alcohol use
Holzhauer, C. G., Wemm, S., & Wulfert, E. (2017) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000116 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Distress intolerance during smoking cessation treatment
Farris, S. G., Leyro, T. M., Allan, N. P., Øverup, C. S., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“G. Farris), mjzvolen@central. ersity, Department of Psychidence, RI 02906. discriminant (specific to stimuli or provocation; McHugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialConfirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in Youth
Tonarely, N. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00935-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Distress intolerance and clinical functioning in persons with schizophrenia
Nugent, K. L., Chiappelli, J., Rowland, L. M., Daughters, S. B., & Hong, L. E. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.026 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Both the PASAT and the MTPT have been widely used as measures of distress intolerance (Daughters et al., 2005b; McHugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationHelping Yourself before Helping Others: How Sense of Control Promotes Charitable Behaviors
Xu, Q., Kwan, C. M. C., & Zhou, X. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1163 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Macatee, R. J., & Cougle, J. R. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.05.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Luberto, C. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.013 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ali, B., Green, K. M., Daughters, S. B., & Lejuez, C. W. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.04.016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety sensitivity as a transdiagnostic treatment target
Smits, J. A. J., Otto, M. W., Powers, M. B., & Baird, S. O. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813495-5.00001-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationFelton, J. W., Collado, A., Havewala, M., Shadur, J. M., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1405354 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…to find a prospective relation between DT and depressive symptoms among adolescent populations (e.g., Cummings et al., 2013), suggesting a more complicated pattern of relations between DT and consequent emotional distress (e.g., McHugh et al., 2011), specifically during this developmental period.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcIntosh, R., Ironson, G., & Krause, N. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110403 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Distress tolerance can also mitigate the effects of traumatic stress on many of the afore-mentioned mental health outcomes, making it an important psychosomatic index of resilience [66][57].”
BackgroundVujanovic, A. A., Wardle, M. C., Bakhshaie, J., Smith, L. J., Green, C. E., Lane, S. D., & Schmitz, J. M. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000362 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“First, DTS was significantly correlated with BH duration (r .39), despite the fact that most studies of DT do not find convergence between behavioral and self-report measures of the construct (Anestis, Bender, Selby, Ribeiro, & Joiner, 2011; Marshall-Berenz et al., 2010; McHugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAssociations between personality and distress tolerance among trauma-exposed young adults
Chowdhury, N., Kevorkian, S. S., Hawn, S. E., Amstadter, A. B., Dick, D. M., Kendler, K. S., & Berenz, E. C. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.041 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Available evidence in community (McHugh et al., 2011) and trauma-exposed samples (MarshallBerenz et al., 2010) indicates that existing measures of DT do not correspond well with one another, and are therefore not assessing one global DT construct.”
BackgroundDistress tolerance in social versus solitary college student drinkers
Williams, C. L., Vik, P. W., & Wong, M. M.-H. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.025 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Buckner, J. D., Jeffries, E. R., Terlecki, M. A., & Ecker, A. H. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515610315 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…addition task; Lejuez, Kahler, & Brown, 2003), which have been associated with proxy measures of motivation in prior work (i.e., treatment attrition; Daughters, Lejuez, Bornovalova, et al., 2005) and which have not been found to correlate with self-report measures of DT (McHugh et al., 2011).”
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., Otto, M. W., & Leyro, T. M. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115575536 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Error terms for distress intolerance measures (by measurement method; self-report versus behavioral task) were allowed to correlate with each other based on an a priori decision (McHugh et al., 2011).”
MethodResultSelf-citationSemcho, S. A., Southward, M. W., Stumpp, N. E., MacLean, D. L., Hood, C. O., Wolitzky-Taylor, K., & Sauer-Zavala, S. (2023) · Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.55913/joep.v1i1.9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress and Distress Tolerance
Vujanovic, A. A., Bakhshaie, J., Martin, C. E., Reddy, M. K., & Anestis, M. D. (2017) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000690 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…has found little to no convergence among self-report and behavioral indices of distress tolerance (Leyro et al., 2010; Marshall-Berenz et al., 2010; McHugh et al., 2011), it is important to examine the variously defined dimensions of the distress tolerance construct in relation to suicidality…”
InfluentialMacatee, R. J., Albanese, B. J., Clancy, K., Allan, N. P., Bernat, E. M., Cougle, J., & Schmidt, N. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000323 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…associations between behavioral and self-report DI measures suggests that they may be measuring largely different constructs (Kiselica et al., 2015; McHugh et al., 2011; McHugh & Otto, 2011), though the self-report DI measure used in the present study was explicitly chosen to better capture…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVujanovic, A. A., & Zegel, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816022-0.00012-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Epkins, C. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9502-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A Multimodal Study of Childhood Trauma and Distress Tolerance in Young Adulthood
Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Rappaport, L. M., Kevorkian, S. S., Gonzalez, R., Chowdhury, N., Dutcher, C. D., Dick, D. M., Kendler, K. S., & Amstadter, A. B. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1382636 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…be moderately correlated with one another, regardless of type of distress (Marshall-Berenz et al., 2010; McHugh et al., 2011); and self-report and behavioral measures are typically not significantly correlated (Anestis, Tull, Bagge, & Gratz, 2012; Marshall-Berenz et al., 2010; McHugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialPeng, Y., Knotts, J. D., Taylor, C. T., Craske, M. G., Stein, M. B., Bookheimer, S. Y., Young, K. S., Simmons, A. N., Yeh, H., Ruiz, J., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.12.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Acceptance of cravings: How smoking cessation experiences affect craving beliefs
Nosen, E., & Woody, S. R. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cameron, A., Reed, K. M. P., & Ninnemann, A. L. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…& Fruzzetti, 2012) but have not consistently been associated with behavioral measures of distress tolerance (e.g. Bernstein, Marshall, & Zvlensky, 2011; Marshall-Berenz et al., 2010; McHugh et al., 2011; Schloss & Haaga, 2011) highlighting questions of construct validity and measurement.”
BackgroundWolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Glasner, S. V., Tanner, A. S., Ghahremani, D. G., & London, E. D. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104032 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The association between affect amplification and urgency
Weitzman, M. L., McHugh, R. K., & Otto, M. W. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20830 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDistress Tolerance and Perceived Barriers to Smoking Cessation
Kraemer, K., McLeish, A. C., Jeffries, E., Avallone, K. M., & Luberto, C. M. (2013) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2013.771597 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Further, as physical and emotional DT are distinct constructs (14), it would be helpful for future studies to utilize self-report and behavioral measures of both physical and emotional DT to examine potential differential effects on smoking cessation processes.”
BackgroundBrandt, C. P., Johnson, K. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kraemer, K. M., Luberto, C. M., Hall, D. L., Ngo, L. H., & Yeh, G. Y. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103746 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“First, there is consensus that one’s perceived ability to tolerate distress (measured via self-report) is distinct from one’s actual capacity to withstand distress (measured via behavioral tasks; McHugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundShort, N. A., Babson, K. A., Schmidt, N. B., Knight, C. B., Johnson, J., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.054 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Vinci, C., Mota, N. P., Berenz, E. C., & Connolly, K. M. (2016) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000100 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“It is important to note that self-report measures of DT and behavioral measures are generally uncorrelated (Bernstein, Marshall, & Zvolensky, 2011; Marshall-Berenz et al., 2010; McHugh et al., 2011), as they potentially assess different aspects of DT.”
BackgroundNeuroticism as an underlying construct in youth emotional disorders
Tonarely, N. A., Sherman, J. A., Grossman, R. A., Shaw, A. M., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2020) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2020.84.3.214 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A multi-method analysis of incompleteness in behavioral treatment of contamination-based OCD
Mathes, B. M., Kennedy, G. A., Wilver, N. L., Carlton, C. N., & Cougle, J. R. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.12.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vujanovic, A. A., Webber, H. E., McGrew, S. J., Green, C. E., Lane, S. D., & Schmitz, J. M. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.2007995 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A novel method for assessing distress intolerance: adaptation of a measure of willingness to pay.
McHugh, R., Hearon, B. A., Halperin, D., & Otto, M. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.04.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- McHugh, R. K., Daughters, S. B., Lejuez, C. W., Murray, H. W., Hearon, B. A., Gorka, S. M., & Otto, M. W.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- McHugh, R. Kathryn
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2010-02-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 266-275
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC3721199
- OpenAlex
- W2073155588
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 18.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA022974, R01DA015375, R21DA022741)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- distress intolerance, convergent validity, self-report measures, behavioral measures, anxiety sensitivity, drug addiction, cigarette smokers, individual differences, coping
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