Overprotective parenting, social anxiety, and external locus of control: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Helicopter parenting may lead to increased anxiety.
“Emerging evidence suggests that overprotective and controlling parenting, often referred to as “helicopter parenting” may have negative implications on the child's mental health such as anxiety and depression.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Spokas and Heimberg, 2009
Cites
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383 · see citing works
Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335 · see citing works
A parental bonding instrument.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x · Cited by 3,788 · see citing works
Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007318 · Cited by 1,842 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These models, in which overprotection mediates the relationship between social anxiety and external locus of control highlight the importance of considering equifinality (Cicchetti and Rogosch 1996) in testing developmental models.”
BackgroundExamining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis
McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Heimberg, R. G., Mueller, G. P., Holt, C. S., Hope, D. A., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1992) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80308-9 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Self-citationLieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.859 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Perceived control as a mediator of family environment in etiological models of childhood anxiety
Chorpita, B. F., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(98)80043-9 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The Social Phobia and Social Interaction Anxiety Scales: evaluation of psychometric properties
Osman, A., Gutierrez, P. M., Barrios, F. X., Kopper, B. A., & Chiros, C. E. (1998) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1023067302227 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Perceptions of control in panic disorder and social phobia
Cloitre, M., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., & Gitow, A. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01175142 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Parent and Child Traits Associated with Overparenting
Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression
Vigdal, J. S., & Brønnick, K. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872981 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Emerging evidence suggests that helicopter parenting may possibly lead to increased anxiety (Spokas and Heimberg, 2009; Segrin et al., 2013), depression (Schiffrin et al.”
BackgroundSocial anxiety and cannabis use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment
Buckner, J. D., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Norton, A. R., & Abbott, M. J. (2017) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2017.7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wang, J., Lai, R., Yang, A., Yang, M., & Guo, Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.078 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Villalongo Andino, M., Garcia, K. M., & Richey, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1331200 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Spokas, M., & Heimberg, R. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spokas, Megan
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2008-12-30
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 543-551
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2008058887
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- parental overprotection, social anxiety, external locus of control, parenting styles, maternal overprotection, mediation, university students, longitudinal change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
