Social anxiety and cannabis use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment
Open accessAbstract
Individuals with elevated social anxiety appear especially vulnerable to cannabis-related problems, yet little is known about the antecedents of cannabis-related behaviors among this high-risk population. The present study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine the relations among social anxiety, cannabis craving, state anxiety, situational variables, and cannabis use in the natural environment during ad-lib cannabis use episodes. Participants were 49 current cannabis users. During the two-week EMA period, social anxiety significantly interacted with cannabis craving to predict cannabis use both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Specifically, individuals with higher social anxiety and craving were most likely to use cannabis. There was a significant social anxiety x state anxiety x others' use interaction such that when others were using cannabis, those with elevations in both trait social anxiety and state anxiety were the most likely to use cannabis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Buckner et al found that social anxiety interacted with cannabis craving predicting cannabis use.
“This study showed that SA interacted with cannabis craving predicting cannabis use”
From Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,644 · see citing works
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · see citing works
Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454 · see citing works
Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition
Wolpe, J. (1968) · Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science · doi:10.1007/bf03000093 · Cited by 3,389 · see citing works
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 · Cited by 3,367 · see citing works
Introducing Multilevel Modeling
Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998) · doi:10.4135/9781849209366 · Cited by 2,997 · see citing works
Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Holmbeck, G. N. (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.87 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
A variance explanation paradox: When a little is a lot.
Abelson, R. P. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.1.129 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.1.49 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.49 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Bergamaschi, M. M., Queiroz, R. H. C., Chagas, M. H. N., de Oliveira, D. C. G., De Martinis, B. S., Kapczinski, F., Quevedo, J., Roesler, R., Schröder, N., Nardi, A. E., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.6 · Cited by 771 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of an increase in state social anxiety during (but not before or after) a speech task compared to individuals with SAD who received placebo (although anxiety reported by those with SAD who received CBD was significantly greater than that reported by non-anxious controls) (Bergamaschi et al., 2011).”
ResultSelf‐Recording of Everyday Life Events: Origins, Types, and Uses
Wheeler, L. S., & Reis, H. T. (1991) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00252.x · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Introducing Multilevel Modeling
Stangl, D. K., Kreft, I. G. G., & de Leeuw, J. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2670020 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Smyth, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Heron, K. E., Sliwinski, M. J., Crosby, R. D., Mitchell, J. E., & Engel, S. G. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.4.629 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown, E. J., Turovsky, J., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.1.21 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence
Buckner, J. D., Schmidt, N. B., Lang, A. R., Small, J. W., Schlauch, R. C., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.002 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabis use disorders in the USA: prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity
STINSON, F. S., RUAN, W. J., PICKERING, R., & GRANT, B. F. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008361 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment.
Shiffman, S., Gwaltney, C. J., Balabanis, M. H., Liu, K. S., Paty, J. A., Kassel, J. D., Hickcox, M., & Gnys, M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.111.4.531 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Effects of ipsapirone and cannabidiol on human experimental anxiety
Zuardi, A. W., Cosme, R. A., Graeff, F. G., & Guimarães, F. S. (1993) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119300700112 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment.
Shiffman, S. S., Gwaltney, C. J., Balabanis, M. H., Liu, K. S., Paty, J. A., Kassel, J. D., Hickcox, M., & Gnys, M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.4.531 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Rates of Psychiatric Comorbidity Among U.S. Residents with Lifetime Cannabis Dependence
Agosti, V., Nunes, E. V., & LEVIN, F. R. (2002) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-120015873 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Buckner, J. D., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.019 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citationMarijuana use motives and social anxiety among marijuana-using young adults
Buckner, J. D., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.04.004 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment and Preliminary Validation of a Comprehensive Marijuana Motives Questionnaire
Lee, C. M., Neighbors, C., Hendershot, C. S., & Grossbard, J. R. (2009) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2009.70.279 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Marijuana Craving Questionnaire: development and initial validation of a self‐report instrument
Heishman, S. J., Singleton, E. G., & Liguori, A. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.967102312.x · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Caldeira, K. M., Arria, A. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., & Wish, E. D. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.001 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Spokas, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9227-5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Zvolensky, M. J., Marshall, E. C., Johnson, K., Hogan, J., Bernstein, A., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0014961 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The Social Phobia and Social Interaction Anxiety Scales: evaluation of psychometric properties
Osman, A., Gutierrez, P. M., Barrios, F. X., Kopper, B. A., & Chiros, C. E. (1998) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1023067302227 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Marijuana effect expectancies: Relations to social anxiety and marijuana use problems
Buckner, J. D., & Schmidt, N. B. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.017 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationImmediate antecedents of marijuana use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment
Buckner, J. D., Crosby, R. D., Silgado, J., Wonderlich, S. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.010 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-event processing in social anxiety
Dannahy, L., & Stopa, L. L. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.017 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Buckner, J. D., & Schmidt, N. B. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.04.009 · Cited by 122 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…social anxiety (Spokas & Heimberg, 2009) and elevated social anxiety and SAD are associated with cannabisrelated problems in undergraduate samples (Buckner & Schmidt, 2008, 2009a,b; Buckner, Mallott, et al., 2006; Buckner, Schmidt, et al., 2006; Buckner, Bonn-Miller, et al., 2007; Buckner,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarmorstein, N. R., White, H. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9360-y · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Buckner, J. D., Schmidt, N. B., Bobadilla, L., & Taylor, J. E. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.002 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationHopper, J. W., Su, Z., Looby, A. R., Ryan, E. T., Penetar, D. M., Palmer, C. M., & Lukas, S. E. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.012 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Buckner, J. D., Mallott, M. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Taylor, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.002 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial anxiety and marijuana-related problems: The role of social avoidance
Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., & Schmidt, N. B. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.015 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationBuckner, J. D., & Heimberg, R. G. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0020968 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationBuckner, J. D., & Schmidt, N. B. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20567 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationMarijuana-related problems and social anxiety: The role of marijuana behaviors in social situations.
Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., Matthews, R. A., & Silgado, J. (2011) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0025822 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety sensitivity and marijuana use: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment
Buckner, J. D., Zvolensky, M. J., Smits, J. A. J., Norton, P. J., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20816 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-Event Processing in Social Anxiety Disorder: Idiosyncratic Priming in the Course of CBT
Kocovski, N. L., & Rector, N. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9152-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Buckner, J. D., Silgado, J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationBacon, A. K., & Ham, L. S. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- DiNardo PA Brown TA Barlow DH 1994 Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime Version (ADIS-IV-L) New York Oxford University Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Serre, F., Fatseas, M., Swendsen, J., & Auriacombe, M. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.024 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Walz, L. C., Nauta, M. H., & aan het Rot, M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.022 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. C., Chow, S.-M., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1101-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Direct and indirect effects of false safety behaviors on cannabis use and related problems
Buckner, J. D., Zvolensky, M. J., Businelle, M. S., & Gallagher, M. W. (2018) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12659 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationOuellette, M. J., Rowa, K., Cameron, D. H., Elcock, A., Soreni, N., Pawluk, E. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.054 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review
Fernández-Álvarez, J., Colombo, D., Gómez Penedo, J. M., Pierantonelli, M., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/46593 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Buckner, J. D., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., & Schmidt, N. B.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- University of North Dakota (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Buckner, Julia D.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 297-304
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3268873
- OpenAlex
- W2071813134
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (F31 DA021457)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- social anxiety, cannabis use, cannabis craving, state anxiety, cannabis-related problems, peer influence, trait anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Phobic Disorders, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Environment, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
