The DOI matches its Crossref record; 269 of the 276 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 36 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whether the association between parenting and delinquency exists and what the magnitude of this linkage is. The strongest links were found for parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects of support such as rejection and hostility, accounting for up to 11% of the variance in delinquency. Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type, indicating that some parenting behaviors are more important for particular contexts or subsamples. Although both dimensions of warmth and support seem to be important, surprisingly very few studies focused on parenting styles. Furthermore, fewer than 20% of the studies focused on parenting behavior of fathers, despite the fact that the effect of poor support by fathers was larger than poor maternal support, particularly for sons. Implications for theory and parenting are discussed.
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Claims the paper makes
98 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 14 No full text of the sources · 13 No basis given · 8 Sources not found · 7 Own method · 4 Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between general parenting and delinquency was found to be stronger in younger adolescents and school age children than for older adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“In addition, the parenting–delinquency link was stronger in school age children and early adolescents than in older adolescents.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“accounting for up to 11% of the variance in delinquency”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the remaining parenting dimensions (i.e., authoritative, authoritarian and psychological control), mean effect sizes of discrete parenting behaviors were relatively similar (Table 2).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“differences in effect sizes between support and control dimensions and between behavioral and psychological control were nonsignificant (Q(1) = 0.03, p > 0.10 for support versus control; Q(1) = 1.0, p > 0.10 for behavioral vs. psychological control).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a significant but small link between permissiveness and delinquency was found (ESr = 0.09, p < 0.05, k = 10)”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc comparisons revealed that differences between the four types of control were significant (Q(3) = 8.8, p < 0.05)”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“given that most effect sizes were heterogeneous”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the link between physical punishment and delinquency (ESr = 0.10, p < 0.01, k = 12).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strongest links were found for parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects of support such as rejection and hostility”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found a trend for a weak link between open communication and delinquency (ESr = −0.07, p < 0.10, k = 11)”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 41
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fail safe numbers (p = 0.05) ranged from 534 to 34,771 and exceeded the critical value.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 presents a description of the 161 manuscripts, containing 119 independent studies.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Description of Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parenting Dimensions Mean effect sizes for associations between parenting dimensions (support and various forms of control) and delinquency were all significant and ranged in strength from.12 for authoritative and authoritarian control to 0.23 for psychological control (Table 2).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean effect sizes within authoritative control such as of rewarding and inductive parenting were relatively similar in strength and ranged from −0.11 to −0.13 (Table 2).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“general control, referring to variables that combine various aspects of discipline into one construct, was significantly related to delinquency and had a relatively high effect size (ESr = −0.21).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining parenting dimensions, support, and authoritative, authoritarian and behavioral control, have small to moderate significant associations with delinquency.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total 432 different parenting variables were identified across the 161 studies.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > Classification of Parenting Variables
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Only the study by Avenevoli and colleagues (1999) analyzed all four parenting styles in relation to delinquency, including neglectful parenting (r = −0.20 for intact families and r = −0.17 for single-parent families).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Avenevoli et al. 1999
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No outliers were identified.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moderate effect sizes were found for psychological control (ESr = 0.21, p < 0.001, k = 13) and overprotection (ESr = 0.21, p < 0.001, k = 7).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the effect of poor support by fathers was larger than poor maternal support, particularly for sons”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The moderators time interval between the measurements and design were nonsignificant, indicating that the parenting–delinquency link was relatively similar in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present meta-analysis significant effects of age were found in cross-sectional studies on general parenting, indicating that correlates are not the same at all ages.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, contrary to the finding of Barber et al. (1994) that behavioral control rather than psychological control is responsible for increased levels of delinquency, we found that psychological control is as least as important as behavioral control.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barber et al. (1994) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we expected that the link between child disclosure and delinquency would be stronger than the link between poor parental monitoring and delinquency, however, the present meta-analysis revealed relatively similar effect sizes.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smallest effect sizes were found for communication (ESr = −0.07), permissiveness (ESr = 0.09), and physical punishment (ESr = 0.10).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The source of delinquency was not associated with effect size, indicating that no significant differences were found between studies using self-reported delinquency and studies relying on official delinquency.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found significant links between all parenting dimensions and delinquency but the magnitude of the relation depended on the particular parenting dimension.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most studies were focused on adolescents despite the fact that many models emphasize the role of parenting during childhood (e.g., Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990; Moffitt and Caspi 2001; Sampson and Laub 1993).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Gaps in Research
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The smallest effect sizes were found for communication (ESr = −0.07), permissiveness (ESr = 0.09), and physical punishment (ESr = 0.10).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Publication status and number of parenting items did not moderate the effect size.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Impact factor was significant in two parenting dimensions: authoritative control (z = −1.90, p < 0.06, k = 12) and general control (z = −2.28, p < 0.05, k = 10).”
- Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses · plain
“Studies published in journals with a high impact factor reported smaller effect sizes than studies in low impact journals (Table 4).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are important as the majority of studies rely on reports of children instead of parents (69% in the present meta-analysis) and only 3% of studies actually used observed parent–child interactions.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strongest links were found for psychological control (ESr = 0.23) and the weakest links were found for authoritative and authoritarian control (ESr = 0.12).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the effect sizes in each of the parenting dimensions, general parenting and indirect parenting categories all had significant within-group variability (Table 2), moderator analyses were conducted for all broader parenting categories.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Important study characteristics including sex of children and parents, age of the participants, delinquency type, and informant on parenting were significant moderators, indicating that some parenting dimensions are more crucial in particular situations or for particular subsamples.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Possible file drawer problems were therefore not indicated and the significance levels of the effect sizes can be considered robust.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we noted and analyzed the effects of publication status (i.e., published or not) and four other quality indicators: reliability of questionnaires (0.39–0.96), sample size (35–6,751), number of informants (1–5), and impact factor of the publication (0.157–10.519).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > File Drawer Problem
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The quality of unpublished studies is questionable because they have not undergone peer review.
In the paper
“Given that scholars consider the support dimension as unidimensional (e.g., Ten Haaf et al. 1994)”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ten Haaf et al. 1994
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“According to the criteria of Cohen (1988) for small, moderate and large effect sizes (r = 0.10, r = 0.24, and r = 0.37 respectively), the correlation between psychological control and general control, and delinquency are moderate in size.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cohen (1988)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies differ considerably with regard to characteristics of the sample and measurement instruments, and these factors may influence the magnitude of the link between parenting and delinquency.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Moderator Analysis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Moreover, the inconsistencies in the literature make it difficult to summarize the results in a narrative review.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Prior Meta-analyses
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies on sex-differences in the link between family factors and delinquency are scarce and their findings are contradictory.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Moderator Analysis > Sex-Differences
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reliability of the coding scheme was checked by having 100 randomly selected parenting variables coded by two educational sciences students.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > Classification of Parenting Variables
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four selection criteria were used to select studies: operationalization of delinquency and parenting (described in more detail below), investigations on Western samples only (given cultural differences in parenting), and investigations where bivariate associations between parenting and delinquency were reported”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > Selection of the Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, given the small number of previous studies on parenting styles and delinquency, definite conclusions on whether parenting styles have stronger links to delinquency than parenting dimensions or which parenting style has the strongest link to delinquency cannot be drawn.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Central Tendency
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Theories on the causes of crime have contradictory hypotheses on this issue.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Moderator Analysis > Short-Term vs. Long-Term Associations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory (1990) source
- Not matchedcites Sampson and Laub’s (2005) age-graded theory
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present meta-analysis includes unpublished studies and also provides fail-safe numbers.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > File Drawer Problem
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current meta-analysis, dependence of study results was prevented by combining the results of dependent studies or by using only one study result.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > Independence of Study Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The parenting–delinquency link may weaken as children mature with the influence of peers or other life events having more impact.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Our finding concerning the significance of the link between parenting and delinquency is in line with studies that found support for the effectiveness of parent management training programs in reducing delinquency and antisocial behavior (e.g., McCart et al. 2006; Mulford and Redding 2008).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some previous studies, including time-intervals of at least 10 years suggest that parenting influences delinquent behavior in youngsters, but the influence of parents weakens over time (Hoeve et al. 2007, 2008).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Gaps in Research
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hoeve et al. 2007, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present meta-analysis shows that negative aspects of support have different links to delinquency than the positive aspects and therefore these concepts should be considered as separate parenting dimensions.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is in contradiction with assumptions of static models, but is in line with the dynamic models, such as the theory of Sampson and Laub (1993, 2005) suggesting that correlates of delinquency may change during the life-course.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Thus, the findings in the present meta-analysis favor dynamic theories.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sampson and Laub (1993, 2005)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“Life-course-persistent delinquents were found to be associated with poor parenting, whereas adolescence-limited delinquents were not (Moffitt and Caspi 2001).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Gaps in Research
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Moffitt and Caspi 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that both parenting dimensions of support and control were linked to delinquent behavior, parenting styles could be important risk factors for delinquency (that is, the combination of the dimensions support and control).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we should not rule out that the link between parenting and delinquency may also be due to the impact of delinquency on parenting.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Gaps in Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present meta-analysis, however, shows that it is worthwhile to compare studies on fathers with studies on mothers and their children.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Gaps in Research
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, parents not only influence their children, but children also influence their parents (Crouter and Booth 2003; Granic 2000; Holden 1997).”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Gaps in Research
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though the included longitudinal studies showed that poorer parenting practices preceded delinquent behavior, a bidirectional view on parent–child relations cannot be rejected as we do not know whether the child-rearing characteristics had been influenced by earlier delinquency or other problem behaviors of the child.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion > Gaps in Research
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Males engage in more delinquent behavior than females.
“Males are more involved in delinquent behavior than females.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The quality of unpublished studies is questionable because they have not undergone peer review.
“because the quality of unpublished studies is questioned because they have not gone through peer review”
The paper relies on this without support.
Assessing study quality appropriately is complicated and often problematic.
“assessing the quality of a study appropriately is complicated and often problematic”
The paper relies on this without support.
The quality of retrospective studies is often questioned.
“Given that the study quality of retrospective studies is often questioned we conducted several analyses in order to investigate the potential influence of these studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Boys are more often delinquent than girls.
“Given the lack of studies that investigate fathers and that boys are more often delinquent than girls, there appears to be a serious gap in research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Also, the findings on inadequate parenting and the delayed moral reasoning of the juvenile offenders in this study concur with findings of previous research (Hoeve et al., 2009; Stams et al., 2006).”
From The care of Filipino juvenile offenders in residential facilities evaluated using the risk-need-responsivity model (2016) · cites this paper as Hoeve et al., 2009
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“they provide convincing evidence for a significant relationship between harsh, hostile, rejecting, controlling, and neglectful parenting with delinquency”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Hoeve et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Our findings with regard to parental control do, however, not concur with our meta-analytic results on the link between parenting and delinquency, as we found moderate mean effect sizes for several types of parental control, including poor parental supervision (r = 0.23), and psychological control (r = 0.23; Hoeve et al. 2009).”
From A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency (2012) · cites this paper as Hoeve et al. 2009
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentQ(5) = 13.7reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .018
“Q(5) = 13.7, p < .05”
- ConsistentQ(3) = 8.8reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .032
“Q(3) = 8.8, p < .05”
- ConsistentQ(1) = 0.03reported p > .1 · recomputed p = .862
“Q(1) = 0.03, p > .10”
- ConsistentQ(1) = 1reported p > .1 · recomputed p = .317
“Q(1) = 1.0, p > .10”
- ConsistentQ(1) = 4.3reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .038
“Qb(1) = 4.30, p < .05”
- ConsistentQ(4) = 15.3reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .004
“Qb(4) = 15.3, p < .01”
- ConsistentQ(4) = 7.2reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .126
“Qb(4) = 7.2, p > .05”
- ConsistentQ(2) = 3.5reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .174
“Qb(2) = 3.5, p > .05”
- ConsistentQ(2) = 0.7reported p > .1 · recomputed p = .705
“Q(2) = 0.7, p > .10”
- Consistentz = -2.05reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .040
“(z = −2.05, p < .05”
- Consistentz = 2.36reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .018
“(z = 2.36, p < .05”
- Consistentz = -1.9reported p < .06 · recomputed p = .057
“(z = −1.90, p < .06”
- Consistentz = -2.28reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .023
“(z = −2.28, p < .05”
- Consistentz = -1.72reported p < .1 · recomputed p = .085
“(z = −1.72, p < .10”
- Consistentz = 1.68reported p < .1 · recomputed p = .093
“(z = 1.68, p < .10”
- Consistentz = 2.76reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .006
“(z = 2.76, p < .01”
- Consistentz = 1.92reported p < .1 · recomputed p = .055
“(z = 1.92, p < .10”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Discussion
“For example, the number of items in parenting and delinquency questionnaires did moderate the parenting–delinquency link.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Moderator Analyses
“Publication status and number of parenting items did not moderate the effect size.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Method > File Drawer Problem
“sample size (35–6,751)”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Description of Studies
“The sample sizes were quite varied, ranging from 34 to 18,260, with most between 200 and 500.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The designs were most frequently cross-sectional (88 studies). Only four studies used a retrospective design, and 35 studies were longitudinal.”
§ The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis > Results > Description of Studies
Reported 119 · recomputed 127
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
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Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
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From dissertation abstracts international
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Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987 · cited 1×
“These negative child-parent transactions increase the risk of setting a child off on a delinquent path that starts in the early teens, entails many delinquent acts and persists far into adulthood (Moffitt 1993; Patterson and Yoerger 2002).”
Background(2000) · Cited by 9,198
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Parenting style as context: An integrative model.
Darling, N. E., & Steinberg, L. D. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487 · Cited by 5,331 · cited 2×
“Parenting styles are configurations of attitudes and behaviors of parents towards their child and create a context or a climate for the parent’s behavior and is displayed across many different situations (Darling and Steinberg 1993).”
BackgroundMethod
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- *Adams, J. B. (2001). Self-control as a mediator for the effects of parental bonding, prosocial behavioral training and psychological autonomy on adolescent delinquency. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(4 A), 1595 (UMI No. 3013141).
- *Cook, E. T. (1996). Risk and protective factors in adolescent problem behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 57, 4742 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1996).
- *Criss, M. M. (2002). How parents find out about their teenagers’ activities: Validating an observational measure of monitoring as dyadic process. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(2 B), 1086 (UMI No. 3043993).
- *Dekkers, M. E. (1998). Losbandig gezin, losbandige tieners? Een onderzoek naar de invloed van gezinscohesie op risicogedrag van adolescenten. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- *Dekovic, M., Janssens, J. M. A. M., & Van As, N. M. C. (2001). Gezinsfactoren en het gebruik van ernstig geweld [Family factors and serious violence]. In R. Loeber, N. W. Slot, & J. A. Sergeant (Eds.), Ernstige en gewelddadige jeugdcriminaliteit: Omvang, oorzaken en interventies [Serious and violent delinquency: Prevalence, causes, and interventions] (pp. 225–244). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
- *Gersao, E., & Lisboa, M. (1994). The self-report delinquency study in Portugal. In J. Junger-Tas, G. J. Terlouw, & M. W. Klein (Eds.), Delinquent behavior among young people in the Western world (pp. 212–237). Amsterdam: Kugler.
- *Giever, D. M. (1996). An empirical assessment of the core elements of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 56(10), 4155–A (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1996).
- *Hooper, R. M. (1989). The etiological significance of morphology, arousal reduction and parent effectiveness to criminality. Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 49(8), 2400–A (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1989).
- *Juras, J. L. (2004). Integrating models of risk and protection for the prevention of adolescent delinquency. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65(4 B), 2126 (UMI No. 3129497).
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- Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (2001b). Understanding variablility in lives through time: Contributions of life-course criminology. In A. Piquero, & P. Mazerolle (Eds.), Life-course criminology: Contemporary and classic readings (pp. 242–258). Toronto: Wadsworth.
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“Whereas parental competence embodies parental support and control, both of which have been found to reduce the risk of future offending (Hoeve et al., 2009), antisocial peer associations are believed to increase the risk of future offending by providing youth with varied opportunities for modeling…”
BackgroundLinking the Risky Behaviour of Fathers and Their ChildrenPreprint
Vanchugova, D., Norman, H., & Elliot, M. J. (2023) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/kuh5r
Bazon, M. R., & Komatsu, A. V. (2023) · doi:10.51795/9786526504499
Dobińska, G. Z., & Miśkiewicz, K. (2023) · Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny · doi:10.17951/lrp.2023.42.1.177-194
“Hoeve et al. (2009) conclude that there is a significant relationship between parental control, rejection, hostility and neglect, and the demoralization of children and adolescents.”
BackgroundAnimasahun, R. A., Iluebbey, E. J., & O., A. V. (2023) · Frontiers in Education Technology · doi:10.22158/fet.v6n2p124
Impact of Mindful Parenting on the Psycho-social Development of Adolescents in Indian Setting
-, D. S. (2023) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.4108
Parenting as a Nonshared Environmental Factor: A Sibling Barricade Analysis
Joyner, B., & Beaver, K. M. (2023) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287231186087
“…have culminated into the general understanding that, for example, “bad parenting” causes severe consequences for the child including poverty, failure in school, and autism; in contrast, “good parenting” produces reasonable children with high levels of self-control (e.g., Hoeve et al., 2009, 2012).”
BackgroundKim, J., Leban, L., Lee, Y., & Craig, J. M. (2023) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-023-09726-8
The role of parenting in shaping the friendship context of adolescent substance use
Rulison, K. L., Chahl, A., & Hoeben, E. M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197602317.003.0008
Dembo, R., Wareham, J., & Schmeidler, J. (2023) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2023.2252556
“et al. 2010), poly drug use (Kuettel 2021), family and parenting problems such as drug use and incarceration (e.g., Derzon 2010; Hoeve et al. 2009; Murray, Farrington, and Sekol 2012; Swisher and Shaw-Smith 2015), and personal and family mental health issues (Baglivio et al. 2016; Barrett et al.…”
BackgroundMalaysian Stereotypes on Adolescents Involved in Delinquency: Acquaintances vs Close Friends
Chen, S., & Ng, J. H. (2023) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v8i9.2507
“A meta-analysis conducted by Hoeve et al. (2009) found that negative aspects including neglect, hostility and rejection or a combination of all three had found significant links to delinquency.”
BackgroundAbout the roots of organized crime
van Dijk, A. M. M. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.198
Westerveld, J., Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., Verweij, S., & Weijters, G. (2023) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-023-00242-1
“Besides juvenile’s individual traits, the role of parental practices in explaining recidivism is also important to examine (Bosk et al., 2021; Hoeve et al., 2009; Loeber & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1986).”
BackgroundTesting Family Functioning and Psychosis Risk Across Race and Ethnicity
Su, C. C. (2023) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc2137546
Walters, G. D. (2024) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2024.2309551 · Cited by 1
“…and Ball 2018), Parenting, for instance, occupies a prominent place in social and self-control theories of crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990; Hirschi 1969) and research indicates that parental control and support are moderately correlated with child antisocial behavior (Hoeve et al. 2009).”
Judicial Decision-Making in Juvenile Dependency and Juvenile Justice Cases
Summers, A., Marsh, S., & Burke, J. L. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009119375.038
Murayama, Y., Uemiya, A., & Ohya, A. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00130-9
Huebner, J., & Fickling, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling · doi:10.1002/jaoc.12135
Chen, H., Wang, K., Yang, N., & Chong, E. S. K. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kcje5
The Antecedents of Criminal Behavior: An Exploratory Reflection
Han, Y., Yu, J., & Zhou, T. (2024) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ah51yz91
“Numerous scientific studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between family factors such as delinquency, parental abuse, insufficient family support, parental neglect, and harsh parenting or family practices [13-15].”
BackgroundΕρμηνευτικές προσεγγίσεις και παρεμβάσεις στο φαινόμενο του σχολικού εκφοβισμού: Μελέτη ανασκόπησης
Sklavou, K., Παπαμιχαήλ, Σ., & Σταμάτη, Ε. (2024) · Koinōnikī Ergasia · doi:10.12681/socialwork-rss.37550
“Γενικά, οι παράγοντες κινδύνου που συνδέονται με τις ομάδες των συνομηλίκων σχετίζονται με τα κοινωνικά πρότυπα, το δεσμό μεταξύ των συνομηλίκων, την κοινωνικοποίηση και τις αλληλεπιδράσεις τους (Hoeve et al., 2009).”
Miller, S. A. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.002.0004
Miller, S. A. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.002.0003
Cheng, N., Li, C., Wang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4868151
Przystosowanie do przedszkola dzieci z rodzin pełnych i rozbitych
Parafiniuk, T., & Żółkowska, T. (2024) · Family Upbringing · doi:10.61905/wwr/183634
Manouchehri, M., Harun, M. M., & Baber, C. (2024) · Pertanika journal of social science & humanities · doi:10.47836/pjssh.32.s3.09 · Cited by 1
A case study of juvenile delinquency: A boy from a functional family
Závora, J., Horynová, M., & Skořepa, V. (2024) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.68.4.358
Juvenile Delinquency and Recidivism: An Overview
Chauhan, M. A. G. C. M. A. G., & Sharma, S. S. S. (2024) · International Journal of Information Technology and Management · doi:10.29070/bvz54g13
Huijzer-Engbrenghof, M., Gelderen, L. V. R., Spencer, H., Wesarg, C., Creasey, N., Lalihatu, E. S., & Overbeek, G. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1444447
“Even though there is numerous evidence that shows how parenting practices affect the development of disruptive behavior (Hoeve et al., 2009; Pinquart, 2017; van der Storm et al., 2022), there is also support for a bidirectional relation.”
Background余, 娟. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.149670
Analysing Three Terrorist Attacks on French Soil Using Criminology Macro-Theories (Case Studies)
Herzog-Evans, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-67791-5_6
Creemers, H. E., Wissink, I. B., & Hoeve, M. (2024) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x241288968
“…Loeber & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1986), parenting behaviors including parental monitoring, psychological control, rejection, and hostility (Derzon, 2010; Hoeve et al., 2009), and other family factors such as family structure and parental criminality (Derzon, 2010; Loeber & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1986).”
Self-citationWalters, G. D. (2024) · Journal of Criminological Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1108/jcrpp-02-2024-0010
Lee, D., & Espiridion, E. D. (2025) · Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.9734/jammr/2025/v37i15704
Parenting and Young Adult Crime: The Enduring Effects of Parental Attitudes and Behaviors
Copp, J. E., Mumford, E. A., & Taylor, B. G. (2025) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278251315425
“The scholarly attention to family effects, however, has largely maintained an emphasis on dynamics that are more consistent with control perspectives (Hoeve et al., 2009; Hoeve et al., 2012).”
Anticipated Guilt and Parenting: An Etiological Approach to the Sex Gap in Delinquency
Kennedy, R. S., Rebellon, C. J., Gundy, K. T. V., & Cohn, E. S. (2025) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2025.2468827
“Research suggests that these practices, particularly parental monitoring, tend to be associated with lower delinquency (; Hoeve et al. 2009; Wright and Cullen 2001).”
Liu, R. X. (2025) · International Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/10575677251329925
“Another line of parental studies focuses on warm parenting, which tends to observe protective effects such that adolescents receiving warm parenting are less likely to participate in illegal or deviant activities (Hay et al., 2017; Hoeve et al., 2009; Kerr et al., 2009; McKee et al., 2007).”
Ramaj, K. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07736-9
“…of meta-analyses and longitudinal studies have led to a consensus that inconsistent and harsh parenting are among the best and strongest correlates of aggression and delinquency in children and adolescents (e.g., Hoeve et al., 2009; Taylor et al., 2010; Eisner & Malti, 2015; Pinquart, 2021 ).”
Fu, S., Gao, Q., Guo, X., & Dai, B. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16060857
“For instance, Hoeve et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 161 studies and discovered that less than 20% of them specifically examined fathers’ parenting behaviors (Hoeve et al., 2009).”
Darwin, C. R., Widowati, A., & Haryanto, E. (2025) · Journal of Innovation and Research in Primary Education · doi:10.56916/jirpe.v4i2.1238
“Parenting theory from Baumrind (2015) and research from Hoeve et al. (2017) also show that effective parenting must have a balance between freedom and boundaries, as well as between affection and discipline.”
InfluentialNiu, X., Gou, L.-X., Shen, X., & Wang, J.-L. (2025) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2025.2505831
“In contrast, a meta-analysis by Hoeve et al. (2009), which examined the relationship between parenting and adolescent delinquency, found weaker associations using parent reports compared to self-reports.”
Yang, P. (2021) · Scholars Archive - University at Albany (University at Albany, State University of New York) · doi:10.54014/bwmp-7fqw
Expanded parenting typology and youth outcomes among a sample of Chinese adolescents
Vickovic, S., Liu, W., & Wang, X. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102453 · Cited by 1
Petre, L. M., Vveinhardt, J., & Piepiora, P. A. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1011063
US Vicarious Liability of Parents for Copyright Infringement by Minors: Review and Reform
Najafi, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Law · doi:10.6000/2817-2302.2025.04.05
Yoder, J. R., Bosetti, R. L., Brown, A., & Grady, M. D. (2025) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2025.2547805
Yamaoka, A., Kroner, D. G., Mori, T., & Takahashi, M. (2025) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x251369020
“In particular, Family Circumstances/Parenting and Education/Employment did not contribute unique explanatory power for this group, suggesting that these domains may be less relevant for older juveniles (Hoeve et al., 2009).”
Vatandoost, S., Baetens, I., Azadfar, Z., & Heel, M. V. (2025) · Youth Justice · doi:10.1177/14732254251369835
“…regarding the role of parents in mental health problems and continued delinquency among adjudicated youth (Brauer, 2017; Buker and Erbay, 2018; Hoeve et al., 2009; Pyle et al., 2020; Stewart et al., 2019), the association between perceived parenting and emotion regulation is rare in this…”
López-López, W. I., & Soler-Camargo, J.-C. (2024) · Búsqueda · doi:10.21892/01239813.741
Does Parenting Moderate the Association Between Parental and Offspring Offending?
Lee, B., & Farrington, D. P. (2025) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-025-00277-6
“These findings are also consistent with the meta-analysis by Hoeve et al. (2009), which found stronger effects of paternal than maternal parenting, as well as with other prior studies (Simons et al., 2007).”
InfluentialLi, N., Li, T., Liu, L., & Zhang, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1605677
Trujillo, Á., Bernal, M. R. G., & Amorocho, J. D. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15110223
“Positive parenting practices are essential to the healthy development, well-being, and psychological adjustment of children and adolescents (Hoeve et al., 2009; Smetana & Rote, 2019).”
Lee, W. (2025) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x251386870
“This lack of consistency can result in frustration and emotional distress (Edens et al., 2008; Hoeve et al., 2009).”
Suçun Önlenmesinde Ailenin Önemi ve Aile Odaklı Sosyal Hizmet Müdahaleleri: Sistematik Bir İnceleme
Özmete, E., & Demir, B. (2025) · Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi · doi:10.70989/scd.1763719
Authoritative parenting style and aggression in adolescents
Biswas, S., & Narad, A. (2025) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education · doi:10.32674/98260f69
Alsawalqa, R. O., & Zawahreh, H. A. R. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1695691 · Cited by 3
“Family environment and parenting behaviors are robust predictors, with low monitoring, high hostility, and psychological control explaining a signi fi cant portion of variance in delinquency (47).”
Heeren, A., Lindijer, B. P., Mari, M., et al. (2011) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
De Kinderrechter en de Pedagogische Opgaven binnen het Nederlandse Jeugdstrafrecht
Klok, S. D. G., van Look, C. J., Schol, V. A., et al. (2011) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Gautam, N., Rahman, M. M., Hashmi, R., Lim, A., & Khanam, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26683924
Gautam, N., Rahman, M. M., Hashmi, R., Lim, A., & Khanam, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26683921
Gautam, N., Rahman, M. M., Hashmi, R., Lim, A., & Khanam, R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26683918
State versus trait conceptualizations of parental monitoring: a formulation and reviewPreprint
Pelham, W. E., Leitz, L., & Patel, H. (2026) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tnaxb_v2
Exploring Profiles of Risk and Protective Factors Among Youth Mentees: For Whom Does Mentoring Work?
Meldrum, M., & Lyons, M. D. (2026) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-026-01878-3
“Likewise, negative youth-caregiver relationships can have a negative impact on healthy development (Ranson & Urichuk, 2008; Umberson & Thomeer, 2020) and have been linked with delinquency (Hoeve et al., 2009).”
Meng, Y., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2026.2615873
“Parenting style, as a core element of the family environment, plays a crucial role in individual aggression (Hoeve et al., 2009; Llorca et al., 2017).”
Chen, C., Schofield, T. J., & Russell, D. W. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08755-2
“Based on prior research (e.g., Hoeve et al., 2009 ; Schofield et al., 2017 ) and theories (e.g., Cox et al., 2025, Marks & García Coll, 2018), we examined whether the longitudinal association from Latinx youth perceived parental affect to later delinquency would be moderated by language-match…”
InfluentialThe Accumulation of ACEs and the Impact on Offending for Incarcerated Youth
Jamieson, A. M. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9524-1.ch003
Hasan, M. Z. I. (2026) · Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond · doi:10.1177/23493003251414204
“Numerous research show that parenting practices like monitoring, supervision, involvement, and strong attachment help reduce the risk of juveniles engaging in delinquency and gang culture (Hoeve et al., 2009; Keijsers et al., 2010).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NL)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hoeve, Machteld
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2009-03-05
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 749-775
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC2708328
- OpenAlex
- W2060821273
- Cited by
- 1,358
- References
- 276
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 19.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- parenting, juvenile delinquency, parental supervision, psychological control, parental rejection, parental hostility, parental warmth, parenting support, parenting styles, father involvement, gender differences, child age, informant effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Authoritarianism, Child, Child Rearing, Female, Hostility, Humans, Internal-External Control, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, Middle Aged, Parent-Child Relations, Rejection, Psychology, Social Support, Parenting, Sex Distribution, Young Adult
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