Cognitive and Interpersonal Vulnerabilities to Adolescent Depression: Classification of Risk Profiles for a Personalized Prevention Approach
Open accessAbstract
Despite interest in psychosocial vulnerabilities to depression, little is known about reliable and valid individualized risk profiles that can be used to match individuals to evidence-based interventions for depression. This study investigated well-established cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities to depression among youth to discern an evidence-based risk classification approach which is being used in a personalized depression prevention randomized clinical trial. Data were drawn from a general community sample of adolescents (N = 467; ages 10-16, mean 13.14, SD = 1.62; 57% females) who were followed prospectively for 3 years. Youth completed measures of cognitive (negative cognitive style, dysfunctional attitudes, rumination) and interpersonal (support and conflict with peers and parents, excessive reassurance seeking, social competence, co-rumination) risks to depression, and then were followed longitudinally for onset of depression. Principal axis factor analyses showed that three latent factors--cognitive vulnerability, interpersonal support, and interpersonal conflict--optimally represented the structure of these risk factors. Clinically practical and meaningful cutoffs, based on tertile cut-off scores on cognitive and interpersonal risk measures, were used to categorize youth into relatively balanced high and low cognitive and interpersonal risk groups. These risk classification groups exhibited validity (AUC > 0.70) by predicting prospective onsets of depressive episodes at 18-months follow-ups. These findings demonstrate a reliable and valid approach to synthesize psychosocial vulnerabilities to depression, specifically cognitive and interpersonal risks. Results are discussed in terms of using these risk classifications profiles to test personalized prevention of depression during adolescence.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Social support and cohesion, as well as structural social capital, have been identified as determinants of depression.
“Social support and cohesion, as well as structural social capital, have also been identified as determinants [140,228,239,269,293,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379].”
From Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [228]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 · Cited by 10,148 · see citing works
Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.96.2.358 · Cited by 3,722 · see citing works
Murray, D. D., Suzuki, K., Law, M. G., Trebicka, J., Neuhaus, J., Wentworth, D. N., Johnson, M. A., Vjecha, M. J., Kelleher, A. D., Emery, S., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139981 · Cited by 2,740 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 · Cited by 2,333 · see citing works
Self-citationKim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.709 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
The Path to Personalized Medicine
Hamburg, M. A., & Collins, F. S. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1006304 · Cited by 1,970 · see citing works
Co–Rumination in the Friendships of Girls and Boys
Rose, A. J. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00509 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_5 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Kapur, S., Phillips, A. G., & Insel, T. R. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.105 · Cited by 980 · see citing works
Goldstein, B. A., Navar, A. M., Pencina, M. J., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw042 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
A readers' guide to the interpretation of diagnostic test properties: clinical example of sepsis
Fischer, J. E., Bachmann, L. M., & Jaeschke, R. (2003) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-003-1761-8 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review
Horowitz, J. L., & Garber, J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.401 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Self-citationConstruct Validation in Social and Personality Research
Flake, J. K., Pek, J. C. X., & Hehman, E. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617693063 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Clarke, G. N., Hawkins, W., Murphy, M., Sheeber, L. B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199503000-00016 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Stice, E., Shaw, H., Bohon, C., Marti, C. N., & Rohde, P. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015168 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
DeRubeis, R. J., Cohen, Z. D., Forand, N. R., Fournier, J. C., Gelfand, L. A., & Lorenzo-Luaces, L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083875 · Cited by 509 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…Index (PAI) have used machine learning techniques to analyze whether individual differences, assessed before depression treatment initiation in their RCTs for adult major depression, serve as significant post-hoc moderators of treatment efficacy (DeRubeis et al. 2014; Huibers et al. 2015).”
Prevention of Depression in At-Risk Adolescents
Garber, J., Clarke, G. N., Weersing, V. R., Beardslee, W. R., Brent, D. A., Gladstone, T. R. G., DeBar, L., Lynch, F. L., D’Angelo, E. J., Hollon, S. D., et al. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.788 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Self-citationMethods and Measures: The Network of Relationships Inventory: Behavioral Systems Version
Furman, W. C., & Buhrmester, D. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025409342634 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3104_8 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Self-citationHankin, B. L., Young, J. F., Abela, J. R. Z., Smolen, A., Jenness, J. L., Gulley, L. D., Technow, J. R., Gottlieb, A. B., Cohen, J. R., & Oppenheimer, C. W. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000089 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationToward Guidelines for Evidence-Based Assessment of Depression in Children and Adolescents
Klein, D. N., Dougherty, L. R., & Olino, T. M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_3 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Abela, J. R., & Hankin, B. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022796 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationMachine learning, statistical learning and the future of biological research in psychiatry
Iniesta, R., Stahl, D. R., & McGuffin, P. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001367 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Prevention of major depression
Muñoz, R. F., Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Barrera, A. Z., & Leykin, Y. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-033109-132040 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Joiner, T. E., & Metalsky, G. I. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.778 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents
Merry, S., Hetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Brudevold‐Iversen, T., Bir, J. J., & McDowell, H. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003380.pub3 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L., Stone, L., & Ann Wright, P. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990368 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationEliminating Bias in Classify-Analyze Approaches for Latent Class Analysis
Bray, B. C., Lanza, S. T., & Tan, X. M. (2014) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.935265 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Relation of social and academic competence to depressive symptoms in childhood.
Cole, D. A. (1990) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.99.4.422 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Kessler, R., van Loo, H. V., Wardenaar, K., Bossarte, R., Brenner, L., Cai, T., Ebert, D., Hwang, I., Li, J.-L., de Jonge, P., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.198 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Huibers, M. J. H., Cohen, Z. D., Lemmens, L. H. J. M., Arntz, A., Peeters, F. P. M. L., Cuijpers, P., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140771 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Abela, J. R. Z., Vanderbilt, E., & Rochon, A. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.5.653.50752 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9228-6 · Cited by 169 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Past research supports specific, independent cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities as predictors of future depression in adolescents (Abela and Hankin 2008; Hankin 2012).”
Self-citationHankin, B. L., Oppenheimer, C. W., Jenness, J. L., Barrocas, A., Shapero, B. G., & Goldband, J. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20625 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationMerry, S., Hetrick, S. E., Cox, G., Brudevold‐Iversen, T., Bir, J. J., & McDowell, H. (2012) · Evidence-Based Child Health A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.1867 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Sherrington, C., Lord, S. R., Vogler, C., Close, J., Howard, K., Dean, C. M., Heller, G. Z., Clemson, L. M., O'Rourke, S. D., Ramsay, E., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104412 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.711708 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationA Test of Beck's Cognitive Diathesis-Stress Theory of Depression in Early Adolescents
Abela, J. R. Z., & Sullivan, C. (2003) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431603258345 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L., Lakdawalla, Z., Carter, I. L., Abela, J. R. Z., & Adams, P. (2007) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.1.29 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationPintea, S., & Moldovan, R. (2009) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Young, J. F., Benas, J. S., Schueler, C. M., Gallop, R., Gillham, J. E., & Mufson, L. H. (2015) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0620-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationAbela, J. R. Z., Stolow, D., Mineka, S., Yao, S., Zhu, X. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025295 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpersonal Theories of Developmental Psychopathology
Rudolph, K. D., Lansford, J. E., & Rodkin, P. C. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy307 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cognitive Risks in Developmental Psychopathology
Hankin, B., Snyder, H. R., & Gulley, L. D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy308 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationNiles, A. N., Guinyard, A. G. L., Krull, J. L., Roy‐Byrne, P., Sullivan, G., Sherbourne, C. D., Bystritsky, A., & Craske, M. G. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.02.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Abela, J. R. Z., Zuroff, D. C., Ho, M.-H. R., Adams, P., & Hankin, B. L. (2006) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-9011-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationFactorial Categorization of Depression-Related Constructs in Early Adolescents
Adams, P., Abela, J. R., & Hankin, B. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/088983907780851540 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPreventing Adolescent Depression
Young, J. F., Mufson, L. H., & Schueler, C. M. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190243180.001.0001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationAccuracy in Reporting Past Psychiatric Symptoms
Compton, W. M., & Lopez, M. F. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4111 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Abela JRZ Hankin BL 2008 Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children and adolescents: A developmental psychopathology approach Abela JRZ Hankin BL Handbook of Child and Adolescent Depression 35 78 New York, NY Guilford Press
- Hammen CL Shih J 2014 Depression and interpersonal processes Gotlib IH Hammen CL Handbook of depression 3 277 295 New York, NY Guilford Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature
Remes, O., Mendes, J. F., & Templeton, P. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121633 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hankin, B. L., Young, J. F., Gallop, R., & Garber, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- West Chester University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hankin, Benjamin L.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2018-01-25
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1521-1533
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC6060038
- OpenAlex
- W2785379266
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (5R01MH077195, 5R01MH077178, R21MH102210, R01MH105501)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, cognitive vulnerability, interpersonal vulnerability, personalized prevention, risk classification, negative cognitive style, dysfunctional attitudes, rumination, co-rumination, reassurance seeking, social competence, peer support, parent-child conflict
- MeSH terms
- Rumination, Cognitive, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Depression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors, Thinking, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Assessment, Social Skills
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
