The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review

Horowitz, Jason L.; Garber, Judy

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.401

Cited by 803Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and Access

The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review

Horowitz, Jason L., Garber, Judy·2006·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.401

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Abstract

Research on the prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents was reviewed and synthesized with meta-analysis. When all 30 studies were included, selective prevention programs were found to be more effective than universal programs immediately following intervention. Both selective and indicated prevention programs were more effective than universal programs at follow-up, even when the 2 studies with college students were excluded. Effect sizes for selective and indicated prevention programs tended to be small to moderate, both immediately postintervention and at an average follow-up of 6 months. Most effective interventions are more accurately described as treatment rather than prevention. Suggestions for future research include testing potential moderators (e.g., age, gender, anxiety, parental depression) and mechanisms, designing programs that are developmentally appropriate and gender and culturally sensitive, including longer follow-ups, and using multiple measures and methods to assess both symptoms and diagnoses.

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Intervention programs for depression targeting at-risk individuals (selective and indicated programs) exhibited more support than those delivered universally.
“Research has shown that intervention programs for depression targeting at-risk individuals (selective and indicated programs) exhibited more support than those delivered universally”
From Meta-analytic review of online guided self-help interventions for depressive symptoms among college students (2021) · cites this paper as Horowitz and Judy, 2006
Our analyses point at the potential of equivalent effects for online guided self-help interventions among universal and selective samples in the college context.
“In contrast to multiple meta-analyses of different depression intervention programs supporting superior effects among selective to universal samples (Horowitz and Judy, 2006; Merry et al., 2004; Stice et al., 2009), our analyses point at the potential of equivalent effects for online guided self-help interventions among these samples in the college context.”
From Meta-analytic review of online guided self-help interventions for depressive symptoms among college students (2021) · cites this paper as Horowitz and Judy, 2006

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“However, most of these reviews do not focus exclusively on the school environment (e.g., Fisak, Richard, & Mann, 2011; Stockings et al., 2016), and there has been a bias towards evaluating depression-prevention studies over anxiety (Horowitz & Garber, 2006; van Zoonen et al., 2014).”
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“…(selective and indicated programs) exhibited more support than those delivered universally (universal programs), possibly because high-risk participants are more motivated to engage in the program content and have a greater opportunity to show symptom reduction (Horowitz and Judy, 2006).”
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“It should be noted that our intervention has a preventive approach, so according to what has been pointed out in various meta-analyses on programs to prevent depressive symptomatology, it is known that although the effect sizes are of small magnitude, the benefits are relevant [43-45].”
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Authors: Horowitz, J. L., & Garber, J.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
ORCID: Garber, Judy
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 74
Issue: 3
Pages: 401-415
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.401
OpenAlex: W2156426418
Cited by: 803
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 5.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH57822; R01-MH64735; K02-MH66249)
Williman T. Grant Foundation (173096)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: depression prevention, depressive symptoms, children, adolescents, universal prevention programs, prevention versus treatment, follow-up outcomes, moderators, gender differences, parental depression, anxiety
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Depression, Humans

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The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review

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