Cited by 448Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Depression from childhood into late adolescence: Influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress.

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Hankin, Benjamin L., Young, Jami F., Abela, John R. Z., Smolen, Andrew, Jenness, Jessica L., Gulley, Lauren D., Technow, Jessica R., Gottlieb, Andrea Barrocas +2 more·2015·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Abstract

Depression is a debilitating mental illness with clear developmental patterns from childhood through late adolescence. Here, we present data from the Gene Environment Mood (GEM) study, which used an accelerated longitudinal cohort design with youth (N = 665) starting in 3rd, 6th, and 9th grades, and a caretaker, who were recruited from the general community, and were then assessed repeatedly through semistructured diagnostic interviews every 6 months over 3 years (7 waves of data) to establish and then predict trajectories of depression from age 8 to 18. First, we demonstrated that overall prevalence rates of depression over time, by age, gender, and pubertal status, in the GEM study closely match those trajectories previously obtained in past developmental epidemiological research. Second, we tested whether a genetic vulnerability-stress model involving 5-HTTLPR and chronic peer stress was moderated by developmental factors. Results showed that older aged adolescents with SS/SL genotype, who experienced higher peer chronic stress over 3 years, were the most likely to be diagnosed with a depressive episode over time. Girls experiencing greater peer chronic stress were the most likely to develop depression. This study used repeated assessments of diagnostic interviewing in a moderately large sample of youth over 3 years to show that depression rates increase in middle to late adolescence, or postpubertally, and that the gender difference in depression emerges earlier in adolescence (age 12.5), or postpubertally. Additionally, genetically susceptible older adolescents who experience chronic peer stress were the most likely to become depressed over time.

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Graber JA 2008 Pubertal and neuroendocrine development and risk for depressive disorders Allen NB Sheeber L Adolescent Emotional Development and the Emergence of Depressive Disorders Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 74 91
  2. Hankin BL Wetter E Cheely CA 2008 Sex differences in child and adolescent depression: A developmental psychopathological approach Abela JRZ Hankin BL Handbook of Child and Adolescent Depression 377 414 New York, NY Guilford Press
  3. Hilt LM Nolen-Hoeksema S 2014 Gender differences in depression Hammen C Gotlib I 3 Handbook of Depression New York The Guilford Press
  4. Ross M 1989 Relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories Psychological Review 341 357

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Authors
Hankin, B. L., Young, J. F., Abela, J. R. Z., Smolen, A., Jenness, J. L., Gulley, L. D., Technow, J. R., Gottlieb, A. B., Cohen, J. R., & Oppenheimer, C. W.
Affiliations
  • University of Denver (US)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
Venue
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Published
2015-11
Volume
124
Issue
4
Pages
803-816
ISSN
  • 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1846
OpenAlex
W2174766270
Cited by
443
References
116
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 1
FWCI
37.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH 077195 and R01-MH 077178)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
adolescent depression, depression trajectories, childhood depression, gender differences in depression, pubertal stage, 5-HTTLPR, genetic susceptibility, accelerated longitudinal design, developmental epidemiology
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Genotype, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peer Group, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Gene-Environment Interaction

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