Cited by 784Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchDisability Education and EmploymentFamily and Disability Support Research

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Autism after Adolescence: Population-based 13- to 22-year Follow-up Study of 120 Individuals with Autism Diagnosed in Childhood

Billstedt, Eva, Gillberg, Carina, Gillberg, Christopher·2005·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

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Abstract

Background Prospective population-based follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism followed from childhood to adulthood.Methods Individuals with autism, diagnosed in childhood, were followed prospectively for a period of 13-22 years and re-evaluated at ages 17-40 years. The instruments used at follow-up were the DISCO, WAIS-R, WISC-III, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, psychiatric-medical examination and GAF-scale. A set of criteria was used for the classification of outcomes, taking into consideration employment, higher education/vocational training, independent living and peer relations.Results Six of the 120 (5%) had died at the time of follow-up, and six declined participation. Overall outcome was poor in 78% of cases. Only four individuals were independent albeit leading fairly isolated lives. Childhood IQ-level was positively correlated with better adult outcome, as was the existence of some communicative phrase speech at age six years.Conclusions Children with autism as diagnosed in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s may have an even worse psychosocial outcome than previously believed.

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Authors: Billstedt, E., Gillberg, C., & Gillberg, C.
Affiliations: Drottning Silvias barn- och ungdomssjukhus (SE)
St George's, University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: Billstedt, Eva
ORCID: Billstedt, Eva
Gillberg, Christopher
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-06
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Pages: 351-360
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-3302-5
OpenAlex: W2094623935
Cited by: 783
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 8.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, adult outcomes, psychosocial outcomes, independent living, employment, higher education, vocational education, peer relationships, IQ, long-term follow-up
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Cognition Disorders, Epilepsy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Population Surveillance, Prevalence

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Autism after Adolescence: Population-based 13- to 22-year Follow-up Study of 120 Individuals with Autism Diagnosed in Childhood

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