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The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module: A New Module of a Standardized Diagnostic Measure for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., J Autism Dev Disord, 30(3):205-223, 2000) is widely accepted as a "gold standard" diagnostic instrument, but it is of restricted utility with very young children. The purpose of the current project was to modify the ADOS for use in children under 30 months of age. A modified ADOS, the ADOS Toddler Module (or Module T), was used in 360 evaluations. Participants included 182 children with best estimate diagnoses of ASD, non-spectrum developmental delay or typical development. A final set of protocol and algorithm items was selected based on their ability to discriminate the diagnostic groups. The traditional algorithm "cutoffs" approach yielded high sensitivity and specificity, and a new range of concern approach was proposed.
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“Such developmental trajectories might be a more meaningful phenotype on which to map aetiological mechanisms than a static case-control dichotomy 70,139,140”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [139]
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“Third, although deficits and delays in children who will develop autism can be documented on a group level, diagnosing individual children with ASD prior to age 15-18 months is very difficult (Luyster et al. 2009, Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Luyster et al. 2009
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Cited by
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Items 301–400 of 470
Abdullahi, I., Sadka, N., Gilbert, M., & Barbaro, J. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060903 · Cited by 6
“Of these, families of 357 children accepted the referral and attended at least one diagnostic assessment; tools administered included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Section Edition (ADOS-2; modules 1–3) or the ADOS-Toddler (ADOS-T) [39,40], Mullen Scales of Early Learning [41], and a brief developmental in…”
MethodCapelli, E., Crippa, A., Riboldi, E. M., Beretta, C., Siri, E., Cassa, M. I., Molteni, M., & Riva, V. (2024) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13573 · Cited by 6
Bülbül, I. A., & Özdemir, S. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06596-9 · Cited by 7
van Adrichem, D. S., Huijbregts, S. C. J., van der Heijden, K. B., van Goozen, S. H. M., & Swaab, H. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12422 · Cited by 8
Frazier, T. W., Hauschild, K. M., Klingemier, E. W., Strauss, M., Hardan, A. Y., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2020) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2019.1698287 · Cited by 6
“ADOS-2 module 1–4 and toddler module total calibrated severity scores measured autism symptom severity (Gotham, Pickles, & Lord, 2009; Lord et al., 2012; Luyster et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDiagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan
Shulman, C., Esler, A., Morrier, M. J., & Rice, C. E. (2020) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.08.001 · Cited by 9
Self-citationDo Autism-Specific and General Developmental Screens Have Complementary Clinical Value?
STURNER, R. A., Bergmann, P. E., Howard, B. J., Bet, K., Stewart, L., & Attar, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05541-y · Cited by 6
“Module The ADOS-2 is a semi-structured behavior observation assessment of social and communication skills that was modified to assure accuracy for toddlers (Luyster et al., 2009).”
BackgroundNolan, S., Schroeder, R. E., Harris, L. L., Segal, D. L., & Coolidge, F. L. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2022.100084 · Cited by 6
Babu, P. R. K., Martino, J. M. D., Carpenter, K. L. H., Compton, S. N., Davis, N. O., Eichner, B., Espinosa, S., Franz, L., Perochon, S., Dawson, G., et al. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3650995 · Cited by 6
“If a child was positive on M-CHAT-R/F score or the caregiver/clinician expressed any developmental concern, the child was further evaluated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Toddler (ADOS-T) [22] or the TELE-ASD-PEDS (TAP) [8].”
MethodIdentifying autism early: The T oddlers at R isk of A utism C linic model
Davis, T., Clifton, D., & Papadopoulos, C. (2015) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12832 · Cited by 7
Larsen, K., Aasland, A., Schjølberg, S., Hansen, U. I., & Diseth, T. H. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04313-5 · Cited by 6
“The Toddler Module in ADOS-2 has shown good sensitivity and specificity for discriminating young children with ASD from children with typical development (Luyster et al. 2009).”
BackgroundAkintunde, M. E., Lin, Y., Krakowiak, P., Pessah, I. N., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Puschner, B., Ashwood, P., & de Water, J. V. (2023) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100697 · Cited by 5
“ADOS comparison scores were used to determine autism symptom severity (Gotham et al., 2009; Luyster et al., 2009).”
MethodHorvath, S., & Arunachalam, S. (2023) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-023-09512-x · Cited by 5
“Per parent report, all children had a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, autism, or PDD-NOS; diagnosis was confirmed in the lab with the ADOS-2 (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Modules 1–3 or Toddler Module; [86, 87]).”
MethodInfants and Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Early Identification and Early Intervention
Humphreys, B. P. (2010) · Journal of Early Intervention · Cited by 5
Braddock, B. A., Bodor, R., Mueller, K., & Bashinski, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2016.1235141 · Cited by 5
“In validation studies, a version of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module, referenced in the studies as ADOS-T, has been examined both by its developers (Luyster et al., 2009) and by third parties (Esler et al., 2015; Guthrie, Swineford, Nottke, & Wetherby, 2013).”
MethodKrzysztofik, K., & Otrębski, W. (2017) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/68856 · Cited by 6
“[10] do grupy narzędzi wykorzystywanych jako wspomagające w procesie diagnozy ASD, są: Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) [20] oraz Autism Observation Schedule – Second Edition (ADOS-2) [21].”
BackgroundAssessment of the Core Features of ASD
Bernier, R. (2014) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0401-3_4 · Cited by 5
Yamashiro, A., & Vouloumanos, A. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000676 · Cited by 7
“…hierarchical regression models to examine whether the infants later diagnosed with ASD’s looking behavior to the Communicator and Listener during the action phase predicted social-pragmatic abilities at 24 months as measured by Social Affect scores on the ADOS Toddler Module (Luyster et al., 2009).”
InfluentialSchaer, M., Franchini, M., & D, S. E. M. (2014) · Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie · doi:10.4414/sanp.2014.00299 · Cited by 5
McDaniel, J., Yoder, P. J., Estes, A. M., & Rogers, S. J. (2021) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-126.2.142 · Cited by 5
What to Tell a Parent Who Worries a Young Child Has Autism
Estes, A. M., John, T. S., & Dager, S. R. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1234 · Cited by 5
Carpente, J., Gattino, G., Cortez, G. X. B., Kelliher, M., & Mulholland, J. (2022) · Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1093/jmt/thab021 · Cited by 5
Impact of environmental factors on the prevalence of autistic disorder after 1979
Theresa, A. D., Ngoc, V. D., Angelica, O., Kumiko, K., & Bwabye, S. (2014) · Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology · doi:10.5897/jphe2014.0649 · Cited by 5
“Autistic disorder diagnosis has typically not been made until the age of 5, and confirmed diagnosis is often not made until the age of 8 (Lord et al., 2006; Luyster et al., 2009) .”
Epidemiologia do transtorno do espectro do autismo: rastreamento e prevalência na população
Ribeiro, T. C. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2022.tde-22092022-170809 · Cited by 33
Han, D.-G., Lee, Y., Kim, H.-S., Suh, H.-W., Lee, J., Shin, S.-H., Yang, M., Choi, H., Kim, T.-H., Kang, J.-G., et al. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00997-z · Cited by 5
“…are collected under procedures designed to limit expectancy bias—for example, the ADOS is clinician-administered and often scored by blinded assessors in trials—so the nonsignificant socialization effects may also reflect genuine constraints in targeting core autistic social features [59, 99].”
Şimşek, K. N., Şenol, N. E. G., Birol, N. Y., & Gündüz, E. Y. (2024) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2024.2331836 · Cited by 4
“Although they are not explicitly stated within the DSM-V diagnostic criteria as a part of the deficits observed in social interaction challenges in imitation are considered to be among the early behavioral signs of autism and they are observed and noted as part of the assessment in diagnostic and screening tools inclu…”
Motor stereotypies in toddlers with and without autism: A transdiagnostic dimension
Chawarska, K., Fernandez, T. V., Milgramm, A., Volkmar, F., Torres‐Viso, M., Powell, K. K., Vernetti, A., Macari, S. L., & Morgan, C. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70023 · Cited by 4
Lv, S., Xing, Y., Xu, Y., Liu, L., Zhu, H., Ye, Q., Wang, C., Zou, X., & Deng, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.895029 · Cited by 4
Spatial Language and Cognition in Autistic Preschoolers
Prescott, K. E., Crespo, K., & Weismer, S. E. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05883-7 · Cited by 4
“…of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule or Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Toddler Module (ADOS or ADOS-T; Lord et al., 2002; Luyster et al., 2009 ), the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) Toddler Module (Kim et al., 2013), and best estimate clinical diagnosis.”
InfluentialDevelopmental trajectories in infants and pre-school children with Neurofibromatosis 1
Slevin, H., Kehinde, F., Ali, J. B., Ellis, C., Burkitt‐Wright, E., Green, J., Johnson, M. H., Pasco, G., Charman, T., Jones, E. J. H., et al. (2024) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-024-00621-5 · Cited by 4
“Although the ADOS-2 Toddler module can be used for children from 12 months of age, Luyster et al. (2009) recognised in their development of the instrument that their final sample would include very few children in the autism group at this lower cutoff due to the frequency of developmental delay in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDiagnosing ASD in Very Early Childhood
Cervantes, P. E., Matson, J. L., & Goldin, R. L. (2016) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27171-2_9 · Cited by 4
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“Information from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 30,31 was also considered, if available.”
MethodPretzsch, C. M., & Ecker, C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816393-1.00013-0 · Cited by 4
Early Intervention for Children At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“…to excellent sensitivity and specificity in children as young as 12 months with a developmental age equivalence of at least 15-18 months (Gotham et al., 2007; Guthrie et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2013; Kim & Lord, 2012a, 2012b; Luyster et al., 2009; Wiggins et al., 2015; Zander et al., 2015).”
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Autism Spectrum Disorder Updates – Relevant Information for Early Interventionists to Consider
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Wieckowski, A. T., de Marchena, A. B., Dickerson, A. F., Frick, E., Liz, G. P., Dubin, A. H., & Robins, D. L. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251355257 · Cited by 3
“Participants completed the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2; Lord, Rutter, et al., 2012; Luyster et al., 2009).”
Chetcuti, L., Uljarević, M., Varcin, K. J., Boutrus, M., Dimov, S., Pillar, S. V., Barbaro, J., Dissanayake, C., Green, J., Whitehouse, A., et al. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2874 · Cited by 4
“, 2008) at T1 and T2, and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule2nd Edition, Toddler Module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009) at T2 and T3.”
BackgroundMethodAI-assisted Initiation to Joint Attention Evaluation for Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection
Ko, C., Kang, S., Rang, P. Y., Soon-Beom, H., Mindong, S., Lim, J.-H., & Bongkyung, J. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems (ICHMS) · doi:10.1109/ichms56717.2022.9980778 · Cited by 3
“A rotation of age-and culture-appropriate test toys, which were selected following the guidelines of the ADOS-2 [20] and Mundy’s ESCS manual [18] (10 different types/shapes of similar size: width × length × height = 3 cm × 5 cm × 3 cm), was placed along the midline, 70 cm away from the edge of the…”
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“Assessment Tools: Professionals use standardized assessment tools, such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) [11] and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) [12], to gather information about the individual’s symptoms, behaviors, and developmental history.”
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How to use… an autism assessment tool
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“The young children in the study (under 30 months old) were administered the toddler module (ADOS-T) (luyster et al., 2009).”
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Valence and Intensity of Emotional Expression in Autistic and Non-Autistic Toddlers
Northrup, J. B., Mazefsky, C. A., & Day, T. N. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06268-8 · Cited by 3
“The following measures are included in descriptive data or analyses: ADOS–2 Toddler Module calibrated severity scores (CSS; range: 1–10) to estimate autism symptom severity (Esler et al., 2015), MSEL Verbal and Non-verbal T-scores (Mullen, 1995) to assess developmental level, and demo-graphics collected via parent-rep…”
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Sociological Environmental Causes are Insufficient to Explain Autism Changepoints of Incidence.
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“Currently, the youngest a child can be formally diagnosed with ASD via standardized direct assessment and structured interview is 12 months (Lord et al., 2012; Luyster et al., 2009; Rutter et al., 2003), though in reality the majority of children are diagnosed even later (Maenner et al., 2023).”
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“18,19 ESDM is also suitable for undiagnosed children, 12 however, it is important to note that some child participants may never have reached the threshold for a clinical autism diagnosis.”
BackgroundScreening and Prediction of Autism in Toddlers Using SORF in Videos of Brief Family Interactions
Huang, H., Liu, L., You, C., Chen, K., Yu, X., Li, Y., & Deng, H. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06575-0 · Cited by 2
“The toddler module is designed for children under 30 months who can walk independently and have nonverbal skills of at least 12 months (Luyster et al., 2009 ).”
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Yamashiro, A., Curtin, S. L., & Vouloumanos, A. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03924-2 · Cited by 2
Li, S., Luo, Y., Li, G.-L., Huang, H.-F., Chen, P., & Liu, Z. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2012.08.009 · Cited by 2
Carr, T. (2011) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 2
Standardizing diagnostic assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder : assets and challenges
Zander, E. (2015) · Figshare · Cited by 2
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS): Toddler Module
Luyster, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_2011-3 · Cited by 2
Self-citationDevelopmental trajectories in infants and pre-school children with Neurofibromatosis 1Preprint
Slevin, H., Kehinde, F., Ali, J. B., Ellis, C., Burkitt‐Wright, E., Green, J., Johnson, M. H., Pasco, G., Charman, T., Jones, E. J. H., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.23299174 · Cited by 2
Multiple Genetic Rare Variants in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Single-Center Targeted NGS Study
Reale, C., Tessarollo, V., Bulgheroni, S., Annunziata, S., Legati, A., Riva, D., Pantaleoni, C., Garavaglia, B., & D’Arrigo, S. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11178096 · Cited by 2
“The diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder followed the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5 and were confirmed by clinical examination, consisting of an accurate anamnesis, Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, ADI-R [16], and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—II edition, ADOS2 [17].”
MethodCross-Cultural Generalizability of the First Year Inventory for Early ASD Screening in China
Zhang, Z., Zhu, Q., Gao, T., Gan, K., Wang, F., Guan, L., & Ke, X. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06358-7 · Cited by 1
“Toddler Module (ADOS-T, Luyster et al., 2009) for assessments.”
Capelli, E., Riva, V., D'Alfonso, S., Panichi, V., Riboldi, E. M., Borgatti, R., Molteni, M., & Provenzi, L. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.106037 · Cited by 1
Lin, F. (2024) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.202400150 · Cited by 2
“Autism is primarily diagnosed through behavioral evaluation, for example, by using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) [14], with ASD symptoms typically appearing at the age of 2– 3 years while behavioral traits are unstable, which may not allow for an accurate diagnosis, resulting in…”
Miller, L. E., & Glad, D. M. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07074-6 · Cited by 1
Use of a Novel Tele-Assessment Tool for the Identification of Autism in Preschool-Aged Children
Corona, L. L., Weitlauf, A. S., Wagner, L., Dixon, A., Foster, T. E., Lavanderos, A. M., Honaker, M., Nicholson, A. G., Stone, C., Swanson, A. R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07144-9 · Cited by 1
“The ADOS-2 (Lord, 2012; Luyster et al., 2009) is a semi-structured, play-based interaction and observation designed to assess characteristics of autism, with distinct modules designed for use based on a child’s language level and age.”
Bai, E. W., Lee, E. A. L., Afsharnejad, B., Chih, H., Parsons, R. W., Zou, X., Deng, H., Zhu, H., Bölte, S., & Girdler, S. J. (2026) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-026-00702-7 · Cited by 1
“It is internationally well established in research and practice and recognized as a Translated and adapted from: the General Office of China’s National Health Commission [14] first-choice diagnostic tool in ASC [30, 31].”
Recommending Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC) for use in low- and middle-income countries
Young, R. L., & Sadeghi, S. (2026) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2026.104976 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of the Ghuman-Folstein Screen for Social Interaction (SSI)
Leone, S. L. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Freitag, C. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-50500-7_1 · Cited by 1
Neurodevelopmental Assessment of the Older Infant and Child
Barbaresi, W. J., & Bickel, J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809405-1.00032-8 · Cited by 1
Observational Assessment of the Young Child
Misch, D. M., Billings, G., Hong, J. S., & Harrison, J. N. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10635-5_5 · Cited by 1
Hirtz, D. G., Wagner, A., & Filipek, P. A. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0435-8.00048-2 · Cited by 1
Diagnostic Issues and Complexities in Autism and Related Conditions
Volkmar, F. R., Woodbury‐Smith, M., Macari, S. L., & Øien, R. A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197516881.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Early Indicators of Autism in Infants: Development of the IMES Screening Tool
Demchick, B. B., Flanagan, J. E., Li, C., Cassidy, R., & Golding, J. (2022) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492221134910 · Cited by 1
“Most current and commonly used evaluation and screening tools used to assess signs of ASD are designed to be administered to children within the age range of 2 to 3 years or older (Chen et al., 2018; de Bildt et al., 2015; Luyster et al., 2009; Park et al., 2018).”
MethodAutismus-Spektrum-Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Poustka, L., & Schulte‐Rüther, M. (2022) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49289-5_123-1 · Cited by 1
Experience matters: Caregiver interactions with later-born toddlers with autism
Seese, S., Cohenour, T., Seese, S. K., Gulsrud, A. C., & Kasari, C. L. (2025) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102071 · Cited by 1
Early Signs and Early Intervention
Freitag, C. M. (2015) · Key issues in mental health (Online)/Key issues in mental health (Print) · doi:10.1159/000363613 · Cited by 1
Interdisciplinary Diagnostic Evaluations
Enneking, B. A., Merrill, A. C., Hines, E. N., Raches, C. M., Rostin, K. A., & Keehn, R. M. (2019) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13027-5_6 · Cited by 1
An Item Analysis of the Child Behavior Checklist with Preschool Children with Autism
Orten, H. R. (2012) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University) · Cited by 1
Kim, S. H. (2012) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44234-3.00024-5 · Cited by 1
Sensing Echoes: Temporal Misalignment as the Earliest Marker of Neurodevelopmental DerailPreprint
Torres, E. B., Bermperidis, T., Varkey, H., Vero, J., London, E., Phan, H. T. T., Kittler, P. M., Gordon, A., Schafer, S. T., Gage, F. H., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4049202 · Cited by 1
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS): Toddler Module
Luyster, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_2011 · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe coping strategies of families who have more than one child with autism : a qualitative study
Waterson, I. (2012) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., Petrak, R., Pierce, K., Bishop, S., Esler, A., Hus, V., Oti, R., Richler, J., Risi, S., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luyster, Rhiannon
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2009-05-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1305-1320
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC2893552
- OpenAlex
- W2022345199
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 11.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066496, F31MH73210-02, R25MH057167, R01MH078165, F32MH066469, R01MH080134, MH066469, F31MH073210, MH57167)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U19HD035482, HD-35482-01, P01HD035482)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, diagnostic assessment, diagnostic algorithm, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, developmental delay, young children
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Algorithms, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Personality Assessment, Pilot Projects, Play and Playthings, Psychometrics, Reference Standards, Social Behavior, Verbal Behavior, Reproducibility of Results
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