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The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module: A New Module of a Standardized Diagnostic Measure for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., J Autism Dev Disord, 30(3):205-223, 2000) is widely accepted as a "gold standard" diagnostic instrument, but it is of restricted utility with very young children. The purpose of the current project was to modify the ADOS for use in children under 30 months of age. A modified ADOS, the ADOS Toddler Module (or Module T), was used in 360 evaluations. Participants included 182 children with best estimate diagnoses of ASD, non-spectrum developmental delay or typical development. A final set of protocol and algorithm items was selected based on their ability to discriminate the diagnostic groups. The traditional algorithm "cutoffs" approach yielded high sensitivity and specificity, and a new range of concern approach was proposed.
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“Such developmental trajectories might be a more meaningful phenotype on which to map aetiological mechanisms than a static case-control dichotomy 70,139,140”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [139]
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“Third, although deficits and delays in children who will develop autism can be documented on a group level, diagnosing individual children with ASD prior to age 15-18 months is very difficult (Luyster et al. 2009, Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Luyster et al. 2009
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Increasing parent responsiveness positively influences communication of children with autism
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BackgroundMethodAtypical sensory behaviors in young children with autism spectrum disorders
Oti, R. (2009) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Self-citationStudy Increasing Verbal Responsiveness in Parents of Children With Autism: a Pilot
Venker, C. E., McDuffie, A. S., Weismer, S. E., & Abbeduto, L. (2011)
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regard dans les TSA et le Trouble anxieux social
Jouni, A. (2015)
Social Communication as an Early Indicator of Autism in High-Risk Infant Populations
Brewer, A. M. (2016) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
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Assessment Related to Developmental Disabilities and Psychological Disorders During Early Childhood
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Ward, S. L. (2016) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.98724
“, 2010a) and improved instrument sensitivity and specificity (Luyster et al., 2009; Overton, Fielding & Garcia, 2008).”
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Factor Analysis and Cut-Off Scores for the Autism Spectrum Disorders-Observation for Children
Hattier, M. A. (2014) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1200
“For example, ROC analyses were used when developing the scoring algorithm for the ADOS-T (Luyster et al., 2009).”
MethodNeal, D. (2012) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.453
“A toddler module for children between the ages of 12-30 months has been developed to improve sensitivity and specificity of the ADOS-G for this young age group (Luyster et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMiller, L. E. (2019) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut)
Robson, A. T. (2018) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Social-Communication and Self-Regulation Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Nowell, S. W. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/qmzk-pc10
Dickinson, A. H., Daniel, M., Marin, A., Goanker, B., Dapretto, M., McDonald, N. M., & Jeste, S. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/866939
“A trained clinician administered the Toddler Module of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-T) at 18 months of age [36, 37].”
MethodBui, J. (2020) · Digital Commons at National Lewis University (National Lewis University)
Autism Screening at 18 Months of Age: a Comparison of the Q-CHAT and the M-CHATPreprint
STURNER, R. A., Howard, B. J., Bergmann, P. E., Attar, S. M., Stewart, L., Bet, K., Allison, C. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-359293/v1
Martinez, C., & Wagner, J. (2026) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/d53ca
Building a Communication System in Infancy
Vouloumanos, A., & Yamashiro, A. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119684527.ch2
Singh, S., & Dalton, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v10i2.1771
“Ever since the disorder was first characterized, its diagnosis has been based on behavioral observations (Luyster et al. 2009) and criteria laid down by the APA (Klin et al. 2000) rather than any hard-core biomarkers.”
BackgroundСоотношение понятий «Значение» и «Смысл» в приложении к кинодиалогу
Анатольевна, К. Е. (2012) · Вестник Иркутского государственного лингвистического университета
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Étude exploratoire de la mise en place de l’Early Start Denver Model en France
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Evaluation of a Two-Tiered Coaching Programme for Parents of Young Autistic Children
van Noorden, L. E. (2024) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.25303966 · Cited by 1
Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Poustka, L., & Schulte‐Rüther, M. (2024) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66744-6_123
Experiences of Spanish-Speaking Families with a Remote Neurodevelopmental Assessment
Kinard, J. L., López-Vázquez, M., Robinson, L. E., moreno-lizarazo, O. J., Litwin, S. G., Aguirre, A. N., Ramirez, C. G., Brooks, L., DeRamus, M., Grzadzinski, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06538-5
“For example, a comparison of the PANDABox to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2, Toddler Module (ADOS-2; Esler et al., 2015; Lord et al., 2012; Luyster et al., 2009) and the TAP (Wagner et al., 2021) is provided in Table 2.”
Schertz, H. H., Odom, S. L., Zook, L., Baggett, K. M., Horn, K., Liu, X., & Swaminathan, H. (2025) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214251331144
“The TAP was adapted from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009) for remote administration and has shown diagnostic agreement of 94% with the ADOS-T diagnostic results (Wagner et al., 2021).”
Benassi, J., & Cárdenas, K. (2025) · Social interaction in learning and development · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87673-8_12
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“All toddlers completed the MSEL and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Toddler Module (ADOS-T, Luyster et al., 2009) as part of the developmental evaluation.”
Sepulveda, D. J. (2015) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi15032149
“…the following activities: Free Play, Snack, Response to Name, Response to Joint Attention, Bubble Play, Anticipation of a Routine with Objects, Anticipation of a Social Routine, Functional and Symbolic Imitation, and Responsive Social Smile (Lord et al., 2012; Luyster et al., 2009; Rice, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSTURNER, R. A., Howard, B. J., Bergmann, P. E., Attar, S. M., Stewart, L., Bet, K., Allison, C. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17798403
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“In this study, we utilized the Toddler Module, which is designed for children under 30 months of age and includes tasks similar to those in Module 1 of the original ADOS [23].”
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Autismus-Spektrum-Störung (6A01)
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The Process of Obtaining an Autism Spectrum Diagnosis
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Fabbrizzi, M., Amato, L. G., Martinelli, L., Carpaneto, J., Bartolini, E., Calderoni, S., Retico, A., Vergani, A. A., & Mazzoni, A. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001445
“The proband is a male toddler of 2y 4m with a diagnosis of ASD formulated by a multi-disciplinary team according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition [46] criteria, and supported by the administration of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module [47].”
Ezhilmangai, R. P., Cronje, J., & Green, E. M. (2026) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2026.176035
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Exploring the Potential of Parent Report for Autism/Developmental Screening at the 18-Month Visit
STURNER, R. A., Bergmann, P. E., Howard, B., Robins, D., Bet, K., & Attar, S. M. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07472-4
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Lapid, J., Abid, M. R., & Selim, M. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-39763-8_14
What Characterises the Communication of Three-Year-Olds with Suspected Autism?
Miniscalco, C., Andersson, G. W., Klöfverskjöld, R., & Nyman, A. (2026) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415261493110
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Metadata
- Authors
- Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., Petrak, R., Pierce, K., Bishop, S., Esler, A., Hus, V., Oti, R., Richler, J., Risi, S., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luyster, Rhiannon
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2009-05-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1305-1320
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC2893552
- OpenAlex
- W2022345199
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 11.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066496, F31MH73210-02, R25MH057167, R01MH078165, F32MH066469, R01MH080134, MH066469, F31MH073210, MH57167)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U19HD035482, HD-35482-01, P01HD035482)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, diagnostic assessment, diagnostic algorithm, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, developmental delay, young children
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Algorithms, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Personality Assessment, Pilot Projects, Play and Playthings, Psychometrics, Reference Standards, Social Behavior, Verbal Behavior, Reproducibility of Results
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