Cited by 470Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesChild and Animal Learning Development

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The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module: A New Module of a Standardized Diagnostic Measure for Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Luyster, Rhiannon, Gotham, Katherine, Guthrie, Whitney, Coffing, Mia, Petrak, Rachel, Pierce, Karen, Bishop, Somer, Esler, Amy, Hus, Vanessa, Oti, Rosalind, Richler, Jennifer, Risi, Susan, Lord, Catherine·2009·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

DOI 10.1007/s10803-009-0746-zPMC PMC2893552

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Abstract

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., J Autism Dev Disord, 30(3):205-223, 2000) is widely accepted as a "gold standard" diagnostic instrument, but it is of restricted utility with very young children. The purpose of the current project was to modify the ADOS for use in children under 30 months of age. A modified ADOS, the ADOS Toddler Module (or Module T), was used in 360 evaluations. Participants included 182 children with best estimate diagnoses of ASD, non-spectrum developmental delay or typical development. A final set of protocol and algorithm items was selected based on their ability to discriminate the diagnostic groups. The traditional algorithm "cutoffs" approach yielded high sensitivity and specificity, and a new range of concern approach was proposed.

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Lord, C., Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Risi, S., & Rutter, M. (in press). Autism diagnostic observation schedule – toddler module manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
The neurobehavioral and molecular phenotype of Angelman Syndrome
Wink, L. K., Fitzpatrick, S. E., Shaffer, R. C., Melnyk, S., Begtrup, A. H., Fox, E., Schaefer, T. L., Mathieu-Frasier, L., Ray, B., Lahiri, D. K., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37254 · Cited by 35
“, 2007], and can be over-inclusive in classifying individuals as having ASD when their primary deficit is intellectual or language disability [Luyster et al., 2009].”
Background
The autism symptom interview, school‐age: A brief telephone interview to identify autism spectrum disorders in 5‐to‐12‐year‐old children
Bishop, S. L., Huerta, M., Gotham, K. O., Havdahl, A., Pickles, A. R., Duncan, A. W., Bal, V. H., Croen, L., & Lord, C. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1645 · Cited by 32
“Children were divided into six age by language groups (see Table 1) on the basis of previous literature about developmental differences in ASD symptom manifestation [Gotham, Risi, Pickles, & Lord, 2007; Lord & Pickles, INSAR Bishop et al./The autism symptom interview 79 1996; Luyster et al., 2009].”
Self-citation
Characterization of the Statistical Signatures of Micro-Movements Underlying Natural Gait Patterns in Children with Phelan McDermid Syndrome: Towards Precision-Phenotyping of Behavior in ASD
Torres, E. B., Nguyen, J., Mistry, S., Whyatt, C. P., Kalampratsidou, V., & Kolevzon, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2016.00022 · Cited by 31
One-Year Follow-Up Diagnostic Stability of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis in a Clinical Sample of Children and Toddlers
Benedetto, L., Cucinotta, F., Maggio, R., Germanò, E., Raco, R. D., Alquino, A., Impallomeni, C., Siracusano, R., Vetri, L., Roccella, M., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11010037 · Cited by 32
“, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler—ADOS-T; [30]) and expert clinical opinion [31].”
Background
Acquisition of Verb Meaning From Syntactic Distribution in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Horvath, S., McDermott, E., Reilly, K. F., & Arunachalam, S. (2018) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2018_lshss-stlt1-17-0126 · Cited by 36
“Second Edition (ADOS-2; Lord et al., 2012) or ADOS–Toddler Module (Luyster et al., 2009), depending on age, either as part of this study’s protocol or within 12 months as part of a related project.”
Method
Parent–Child Interaction Synchrony for Infants At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Steiner, A. M., Gengoux, G. W., Smith, A. M., & Chawarska, K. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3624-8 · Cited by 36
The Behavioral Manifestations of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2013) · The Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391924-3.00002-8 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Brief Report: Evaluation of the Short Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (Q-CHAT-10) as a Brief Screen for Autism Spectrum Disorder in a High-Risk Sibling Cohort
Raza, S., Zwaigenbaum, L., Sacrey, L.-A. R., Bryson, S., Brian, J., Smith, I. M., Reid, K., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Vaillancourt, T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03897-2 · Cited by 29
Assessing Gestures in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ellawadi, A. B., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2013_jslhr-l-12-0244 · Cited by 29
“The evaluation included a toddler research version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (Rutter, Le Couteur, & Lord, 2003) and the ADOS or ADOS Toddler Module (Luyster et al., 2009).”
Method
Accurate Autism Screening at the 18-Month Well-Child Visit Requires Different Strategies than at 24 Months
STURNER, R. A., Howard, B. J., Bergmann, P. E., Morrel, T. M., Landa, R. J., Walton, K., & Marks, D. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3231-0 · Cited by 28
Atypical cerebellar functional connectivity at 9 months of age predicts delayed socio‐communicative profiles in infants at high and low risk for autism
Okada, N. J., Liu, J., Tsang, T., Nosco, E., McDonald, N. M., Cummings, K. K., Jung, J., Patterson, G., Bookheimer, S. Y., Green, S. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13555 · Cited by 31
Lateralization of Brain Networks and Clinical Severity in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A HARDI Diffusion MRI Study
Conti, E., Calderoni, S., Gaglianese, A., Pannek, K., Mazzotti, S., Rose, S., Scelfo, D., Tosetti, M., Muratori, F., Cioni, G., et al. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1533 · Cited by 29
“Also, it has to be noted that it was not possible for us to use the ADOS toddler [Luyster et al., 2009], which is currently considered a more age-appropriate tool, due to the mismatch between time of recruitment and availability of the Italian version of the tool.”
Background
Relationship Between Early Social-Emotional Behavior and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A High-Risk Sibling Study
Raza, S., Sacrey, L.-A. R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S. E., Brian, J. A., Smith, I. M., Roberts, W., Szatmári, P., Vaillancourt, T., Roncadin, C., et al. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03977-3 · Cited by 30
Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan
Shulman, C., Esler, A., Morrier, M. J., & Rice, C. E. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.01.001 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Early developmental trajectories of expressive vocabulary and gesture production in a longitudinal cohort of Italian infants at high‐risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Riva, V., Caruso, A., Apicella, F., Valeri, G., Vicari, S., Molteni, M., & Scattoni, M. L. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2493 · Cited by 27
“At 24 months of age, we used the ADOS Toddler module (Lord et al., 2012; Luyster et al., 2009) to evaluate the symptom severity of ASD.”
Method
The effect of early autism intervention on parental sense of efficacy in a randomized trial depends on the initial level of parent stress
Estes, A. M., Yoder, P. J., McEachin, J. J., Hellemann, G., MUNSON, J. A., Greenson, J., Rocha, M., Gardner, E., & Rogers, S. J. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211005613 · Cited by 32
“We randomized 87 children (21 female and 66 male) age 13–30 months (mean (M) = 22.9; standard deviation (SD) = 4.0) in a multi-site, randomized controlled trial (Intervention Effects of Intensity and Delivery Style for Toddlers With Autism: https://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT02272192) with an independent data coordinatin…”
MethodInfluential
Complexity analysis of head movements in autistic toddlers
Babu, P. R. K., Martino, J. M. D., Chang, Z., Perochon, S., Aiello, R. E., Carpenter, K. L. H., Compton, S. N., Davis, N. O., Franz, L., Espinosa, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13681 · Cited by 29
Interventions for Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Schertz, H. H., Reichow, B., Tan, P., Vaıoulı, P., & Yıldırım, E. (2012) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/1053815112470721 · Cited by 27
Atypical Intrinsic Hemispheric Interaction Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder Is Present within the First Year of Life
Rolison, M. J., Lacadie, C., Chawarska, K., Spann, M. N., & Scheinost, D. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab284 · Cited by 26
“While these two criteria show good convergence (Luyster et al. 2009), incongruent classification between the measures can exist and limit interpretations (especially between the HR-nonASD and ASD groups).”
Background
Using Spoken Language Benchmarks to Characterize the Expressive Language Skills of Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Ellawadi, A. B., & Weismer, S. E. (2015) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0190 · Cited by 30
“The ADOS or Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Toddler Module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009) were administered.”
Method
Risk for ASD in Preterm Infants: A Three-Year Follow-Up Study
Harel‐Gadassi, A., Friedlander, E., Yaari, M., Bar‐Oz, B., Eventov‐Friedman, S., Mankuta, D., & Yirmiya, N. (2018) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2018/8316212 · Cited by 28
A Comprehensive Literature Review of Randomized Controlled Trials for Parents of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Dababnah, S., & Parish, S. (2016) · Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work · doi:10.1080/23761407.2015.1052909 · Cited by 24
“, 1989), Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (Rutter, Le Couteur, & Lord, 2003), or Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module (Luyster et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethod
Challenges and opportunities in early identification and intervention for children at-risk for autism spectrum disorders
Crais, E. R., & Watson, L. R. (2013) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2013.862860 · Cited by 26
“Although this type of labour-intensive evaluation process may not be practical for community use, there are tools and techniques that can be utilized to gain perspectives of the child at home (e.g., MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory, Fenson, Marchman, Thal, Dale, Reznick, & Bates, 2007; VABS-2); as s…”
MethodInfluential
An Italian Prospective Experience on the Association Between Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Garofoli, F., Lombardi, G., Orcesi, S., Pisoni, C., Mazzucchelli, I., Angelini, M., Balottin, U., & Stronati, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3050-3 · Cited by 25
Longitudinal identification of clinically distinct neurophenotypes in young children with fragile X syndrome
Bruno, J. L., Romano, D., Mazaika, P. K., Lightbody, A. A., Hazlett, H. C., Piven, J., & Reiss, A. L. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620994114 · Cited by 26
“However, since completion of our data collection, toddler (28) and infant (29) versions of the ADOS have been introduced.”
Background
Diagnostic instruments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Vllasaliu, L., Jensen, K., Hoss, S., Landenberger, M., Menze, M., Schütz, M., Ufniarz, K., Kieser, M., & Freitag, C. M. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012036 · Cited by 23
Retracted
Psychometric evaluation of the revised child and family quality of life questionnaire (CFQL-2)
Frazier, T. W., Hyland, A. C., Markowitz, L. A., Speer, L. L., & Diekroger, E. A. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101474 · Cited by 24
Joint Attention and Sensory-Regulatory Features at 13 and 22 Months as Predictors of Preschool Language and Social-Communication Outcomes
Nowell, S. W., Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., Baranek, G. T., Faldowski, R. A., & Turner‐Brown, L. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00036 · Cited by 24
Replication study of ADOS ‐2 Toddler Module cut‐off scores for autism spectrum disorder classification
Hong, J. S., Singh, V., Kalb, L. G., Ashkar, A., & Landa, R. J. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2496 · Cited by 24
“While Luyster et al. (2009) advised that if a child does not have nonverbal mental age of 12 months Toddler Module result may be elevated, our clinical sample showed that Algorithm 1 worked well for those children.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Narrowband Resting-State fNIRS Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sun, W., Wu, X., Zhang, T., Lin, F., Sun, H., & Li, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.643410 · Cited by 23
“, via the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Luyster et al., 2009).”
Method
Autism spectrum disorder research: knowledge mapping of progress and focus between 2011 and 2022
Jiang, M., Lu, T., Yang, K., Li, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, D., Li, J., & Wang, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1096769 · Cited by 26
“Professor Catherine Lord, the top rank for h-index, m-index analysis conducted by the author, and who developed the two gold standards for autism diagnosis (32, 33), are the most influencing factors in the field.”
Background
Automatic recognition of therapy progress among children with autism
Kołakowska, A., Landowska, A., Anzulewicz, A., & Sobota, K. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14209-y · Cited by 24
“This is a widely accepted method for analysing therapy progress 20 and as criteria in autism diagnosis–e.g. according to DSM-V 21 .”
Method
Power spectrum of spontaneous cerebral homodynamic oscillation shows a distinct pattern in autism spectrum disorder
Cheng, H., Yu, J., Xu, L., & Li, J. (2019) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.10.001383 · Cited by 23
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Al-Salehi, S. M., & Alhifthy, E. H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43153-6_10 · Cited by 23
Social attention as a cross‐cultural transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental risk marker
Frazier, T. W., Uljarević, M., Ghazal, I., Klingemier, E. W., Langfus, J. A., Youngstrom, E. A., Aldosari, M., Al‐Shammari, H., Elhag, S. F., Tolefat, M., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2532 · Cited by 23
“The ADOS-2 considered the gold-standard clinical observation measures for assessing autism symptom severity was used (Lord et al., 2012; Luyster et al., 2009).”
Method
Replication study for ADOS ‐2 cut‐offs to assist evaluation of autism spectrum disorder
Hong, J. S., Singh, V., Kalb, L. G., Reetzke, R., Ludwig, N. N., Pfeiffer, D. L., Holingue, C., Menon, D. U., Lu, Q., Ashkar, A., et al. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2801 · Cited by 24
Replicable Patterns of Memory Impairments in Children With Autism and Their Links to Hyperconnected Brain Circuits
Liu, J., Chen, L., Chang, H., Rudoler, J., Al-Zughoul, A. B., Kang, J. B., Abrams, D. A., & Menon, V. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.05.002 · Cited by 23
“The diagnosis of ASD was con ﬁ rmed by an experienced clinical psychologist using the standard criteria based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (28) and/or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (29).”
Method
Machine Learning Algorithms Applied to Predict Autism Spectrum Disorder Based on Gut Microbiome Composition
Olaguez-Gonzalez, J. M., Chaírez, I., Bretón‐Deval, L., & Alfaro-Ponce, M. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102633 · Cited by 26
Functional connectivity during language processing in 3‐month‐old infants at familial risk for autism spectrum disorder
Tran, X. A., McDonald, N. M., Dickinson, A. H., Scheffler, A., Frohlich, J., Marin, A., Liu, C. K., Nosco, E., Şentürk, D., Dapretto, M., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15005 · Cited by 22
“Autism spectrum disorder symptomatology was measured using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale Toddler Module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009).”
MethodInfluential
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder With Implications for School Psychologists
Esler, A., & Ruble, L. A. (2015) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2014.890148 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Heart rate-defined sustained attention in infants at risk for autism
Tonnsen, B. L., Richards, J. E., & Roberts, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-018-9224-2 · Cited by 24
“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module (ADOS-T) [53] is a well-established diagnostic”
Influential
Social endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review
Tiede, G., & Walton, K. M. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000577 · Cited by 21
“Joint attention skills are compromised in young children with ASD (Mundy, 2018), to the degree that they are central to diagnosis in young children (Lord et al., 2012; Luyster et al., 2009) (G&G 1).”
Background
Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Thickness in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Association with Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors
Bieneck, V., Bletsch, A., Mann, C., Schäfer, T., Seelemeyer, H., Herøy, N., Zimmermann, J., Pretzsch, C. M., Hattingen, E., & Ecker, C. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12122024 · Cited by 25
“, the German version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R; [29,30]) and the second edition of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2; [31,32]).”
Autistische Störungen – State-of-the-Art und neuere Entwicklungen
Freitag, C. M. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000164 · Cited by 22
The course and prognostic capability of motor difficulties in infants showing early signs of autism
Licari, M. K., Varcin, K. J., Hudry, K., Leonard, H. C., Alvares, G. A., Pillar, S. V., Stevenson, P. G., Cooper, M. N., Whitehouse, A., & the AICES Team (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2545 · Cited by 22
“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Toddler Module (ADOS-T, 37) is a semi-structured assessment designed to elicit behaviors relevant to ASD in toddlers aged 12–30 months (Luyster et al., 2009).”
Background
Vocal and motor behaviors as a possible expression of gastrointestinal problems in preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Prosperi, M., Santocchi, E., Muratori, F., Narducci, C., Calderoni, S., Tancredi, R., Morales, M. A., & Guiducci, L. (2019) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1841-8 · Cited by 22
Early trajectories and moderators of autistic language profiles: A longitudinal study in preschoolers
Latrèche, K., Godel, M., Franchini, M., Journal, F., Kojovic, N., & Schaer, M. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241253015 · Cited by 34
“To compare scores across modules we used calibrated severity scores (Gotham et al., 2009; Hus et al., 2014) to obtain SA and RRB severity scores.”

Authors: Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., Petrak, R., Pierce, K., Bishop, S., Esler, A., Hus, V., Oti, R., Richler, J., Risi, S., & Lord, C.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
University of Michigan (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
University of Wisconsin System (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Luyster, Rhiannon
ORCID: Luyster, Rhiannon
Gotham, Katherine
Pierce, Karen
Bishop, Somer
Esler, Amy
Lord, Catherine
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-05-05
Volume: 39
Issue: 9
Pages: 1305-1320
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0746-z
PMC: PMC2893552
OpenAlex: W2022345199
Cited by: 468
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 11.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Simons Foundation
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066496, F31MH73210-02, R25MH057167, R01MH078165, F32MH066469, R01MH080134, MH066469, F31MH073210, MH57167)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U19HD035482, HD-35482-01, P01HD035482)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, diagnostic assessment, diagnostic algorithm, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, developmental delay, young children
MeSH terms: Affect, Algorithms, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Personality Assessment, Pilot Projects, Play and Playthings, Psychometrics, Reference Standards, Social Behavior, Verbal Behavior, Reproducibility of Results

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The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module: A New Module of a Standardized Diagnostic Measure for Autism Spectrum Disorders

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