The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 63 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities
Open accessAbstract
Changes in the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-IV (WISC-IV) may affect the IQ profile characteristic of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Moreover, the association of particular component cognitive abilities (unlike overall IQ) with symptomatology and adaptive functioning in ASD remains unclear. This archival study characterizes the WISC-IV IQ profile among 56 high-functioning (IQ > 70) children with ASD and correlates WISC-IV performance with ASD and ADHD symptomatology and adaptive functioning. The ASD WISC-IV profile included strengths on Matrix Reasoning and Similarities, weaknesses on Comprehension (which correlated negatively with social symptoms) and the subtests comprising the Processing Speed Index (Coding, Symbol Search). Processing speed task performance correlated negatively with communication symptoms and positively with communication abilities, indicating its importance to functional outcomes in ASD.
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40 Not checked yet · 33 Own result · 15 Own interpretation · 7 Own method · 3 No basis given · 1 Sources not found
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc analyses confirmed that Coding, Comprehension, and Symbol Search were significantly (ps < .01) lower than Block Design, Similarities, Vocabulary, Digit Span, and Matrix Reasoning.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the Similarities subtest score was significantly (ps < .02) higher than the Block Design and Vocabulary subtest scores”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half (55%) of our sample scored at least a full standard deviation below the PSI normative mean score.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only the Vocabulary and Comprehension subtests (and therefore the VCI) were negatively correlated (ps < .05) with the ADOS Reciprocal Social Interaction score.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc analyses also revealed that PRI was significantly (ps < .03) higher than the WMI (Cohen’s d = 0.57) and VCI (Cohen’s d = 0.31).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results from post-hoc analyses showed that the PSI was significantly (ps < .01) lower than the PRI (Cohen’s d = −0.89), VCI (Cohen’s d = −0.65), and WMI (Cohen’s d = −0.44).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adaptive communication abilities, as measured by the Vineland, were significantly positively correlated with the WISC-IV VCI, WMI (ps < .01), PRI and PSI (ps < .05).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, Matrix Reasoning was the highest score on the PRI.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“processing speed is not only a relative impairment for children with ASD on WISC-IV measures”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no correlation was found between ADHD symptoms (measured by the ADHD Rating Scale) and performance on any index or subtest of the WISC-IV.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 38
- Probably not a substantial claim. 40
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ASD WISC-IV profile included strengths on Matrix Reasoning and Similarities, weaknesses on Comprehension (which correlated negatively with social symptoms) and the subtests comprising the Processing Speed Index (Coding, Symbol Search).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We also found expected strengths on structured, brief, motor-free subtests of the WISC-IV (Similarities and Matrix Reasoning) and weaknesses on a subtest with complex/social language demands (Comprehension).”
- Also stated in: § Descriptive Statistics · plain
“Coding (t(55) = −5.49, p < .001), Symbol Search (t(55) = −4.15, p < .001), and Comprehension (t(55) = −4.05, p < .001) scores emerged as significantly lower, while Similarities (t(55) = 3.54, p = .001) and Matrix Reasoning (t(55) = 2.28, p = .03) scores were significantly higher, than the normative sample score of 10.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Processing speed task performance correlated negatively with communication symptoms and positively with communication abilities, indicating its importance to functional outcomes in ASD.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“Furthermore, our data expand on previous reports by demonstrating that performance on the PSI is related to autism communication symptoms and adaptive communication abilities, but not, as we predicted, to ADHD symptoms in this ASD sample.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“14.3% of individuals with ASD scored two or more standard deviations below the population mean (i.e., a standard score ≤70) on the PSI, and 12.5% scored 70 or lower on the VCI, despite a solidly average mean score on the VCI.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Descriptive Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 1, scores on the ADHD Rating Scale were on average at least one standard deviation above the mean.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Descriptive Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coding (t(55) = −5.49, p < .001), Symbol Search (t(55) = −4.15, p < .001), and Comprehension (t(55) = −4.05, p < .001) scores emerged as significantly lower, while Similarities (t(55) = 3.54, p = .001) and Matrix Reasoning (t(55) = 2.28, p = .03) scores were significantly higher, than the normative sample score of 10.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Descriptive Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vineland scores in Communication and Daily Living Skills were on average one standard deviation below the mean. The mean score on the Socialization domain was almost two standard deviations below the mean.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Descriptive Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant minority of individuals scored two standard deviations or more below the population mean (i.e., a scaled score of 4 or lower) on the Coding (21.4%) and Comprehension (21.4%) subtests.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Descriptive Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only index score that differed significantly from the ‘population mean’ of 100 was PSI (t(55) = −5.64, p < .001).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Descriptive Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Digit Span subtest score was significantly (ps < .03) lower than the Matrix Reasoning subtest score but higher than the Symbol Search subtest score.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant correlations were found between IQ scores and ADHD Rating Scale scores.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The study had sufficient statistical power to detect associations between IQ and ADHD symptoms.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adaptive behavior was impaired compared to FSIQ, as expected, with the greatest discrepancy between IQ and the Vineland Socialization domain score.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes were also calculated and ranged from small (Digit Span and Symbol Search, Cohen’s d = 0.31) to large (Comprehension and Similarities, Cohen’s d = 1.37).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Autism communication symptoms, as measured by the ADOS, were negatively correlated with VCI as well as PSI scores, while ADOS social symptoms were negatively correlated with performance on the VCI, including two of its constituent subtests: Vocabulary and Comprehension.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ADOS Communication score was also negatively associated with scores from the Coding and Symbol Search subtests and therefore the PSI score (ps < .05).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ADOS Communication score was negatively correlated (ps < .01) with all WISC-IV verbal subtests (i.e., Vocabulary, Similarities and Comprehension), and therefore, with the VCI.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found the expected pattern of higher Similarities, intermediate Vocabulary and low Comprehension scores.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Particularly novel are our findings of processing speed difficulties in ASD that are associated with both communication skills and difficulties, but not with ADHD symptoms.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subscale profile analysis is another common, if controversial (Fiorello, Hale, McGrath, Ryan, & Quinn, 2001; Pfeiffer, Reddy, Kletzel, Schmelzler, & Boyer, 2000), use of intelligence measures that is particularly relevant in ASD, which is characterized by unusual variability in performance (Dawson, Soulieres, Gernsbacher, & Mottron, 2007; Goldstein, Allen, Minshew, Williams, Volkmar et al., 2008).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When examining subtest performance at the group level, most studies find relatively high scores on Block Design and low scores on Comprehension and Coding/Digit Symbol”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intellectual functioning is also an important predictor of outcome in ASD (Billstedt, Gillberg, & Gillberg, 2007; Venter, Lord, & Schopler, 1992)”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Mayes and Calhoun (2004) were able to identify children with high-functioning autism with 73% accuracy based on lower FDI, PSI, and Comprehension subtest scores on the WISC-III.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayes and Calhoun (2004) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although this profile has been consistently reported across various age groups and functioning levels, it does not confer diagnostic utility (Siegel et al., 1996).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Siegel et al., 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They found that, when compared with children with no significant difference between verbal and nonverbal abilities, children with lower verbal abilities (relative to nonverbal abilities) presented more communication and social difficulties while children with discrepantly higher nonverbal cognitive abilities demonstrated more social symptoms.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joseph, Tager-Flusberg, and Lord (2002) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another recent study (Black, Wallace, Sokoloff, & Kenworthy, 2009) also found that social symptomatology was related to significant differences between Wechsler Verbal and Performance IQs.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Black, Wallace, Sokoloff, & Kenworthy, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is evidence that ADHD in ASD is associated with differences in autism symptomatology, executive functioning (Sinzig, Morsch, Bruning, Schmidt, & Lehmkuhl, 2008), and adaptive behaviors (Yerys et al., 2009)”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note that processing speed and motor output speed are confounded in the PSI, which is comprised of the motorically demanding Coding subtest and the Symbol Search subtest, which has motor demands as well, though minimized compared to the Coding subtest.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“prior studies that examined the Wechsler IQ profiles in children with ADHD alone, which find depressed scores on FDI (WISC-III) and PSI, particularly the Coding subtest, but not on the Comprehension subtest (Calhoun & Mayes, 2005; Mayes & Calhoun, 2003; 2004).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory (e.g., Tillman, Eninger, Forssman, & Bohlin, 2011) and processing speed (Chhabildas, Pennington, & Willcutt, 2001).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On the WISC-IV in particular, ADHD is associated with weaknesses on the WMI and PSI.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayes & Calhoun, 2006 source
plaincorrelationaln = 118- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“one study demonstrated that all 118 children with ADHD assessed with the WISC-IV scored lowest on either the WMI or the PSI (Mayes & Calhoun, 2006).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayes & Calhoun, 2006 source
boostedn = 118- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Mayes and Calhoun (2008) suggest that this profile reflects strengths in verbal and visual reasoning, and weaknesses in attention, graphomotor, and processing speed in children with high-functioning autism.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayes and Calhoun (2008) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants also had an IQ standard score of 70 or higher on the WISC-IV VCI or PRI.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“it has shown good predictive validity in discriminating children with ADHD from typically developing children (Power et al., 1998).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Power et al., 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“administration of the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI; Le Couteur et al., 1989) or the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R; Lord, et al. 1994) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., 1999) by a trained, research reliable clinician.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Method > Participants
What the sources say
plainn = 56- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In ASD individuals, those abilities are consistently impaired in most, if not all domains, but particularly in socialization skills (Bolte & Poustka, 2002; Carter et al., 1998; Kenworthy, Case, Harms, Martin, & Wallace, 2010).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“adaptive profiles have not been investigated in relation to the WISC-IV index/subtest profiles.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For ASD symptomatology, only the ADOS social and communication scores were utilized because ADI scores are not contemporaneous with IQ assessment (given the assessment of symptoms during a period of prototypical expression [i.e., ages 4–5]) and the ADOS stereotyped behavior scale is not considered a good metric of nonsocial difficulties in ASD because there is a limited window (usually 45–60 min”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Method > Data analytic plan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspection of data did not reveal any problems with skewness, kurtosis, outliers, or the presence of a bimodal distribution.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Descriptive Statistics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several recent studies using the inspection time task, a processing speed measure free from motor demands, suggest intact or better processing speed among individuals with ASD.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scheuffgen, Happé, Anderson, and Frith (2000) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the significant differences (for both index and subtest score comparisons) reported above survived correction for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (q < .05).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a group of relatively high-functioning children with ASD and age and IQ matched typically developing children (Wallace, Anderson, & Happé, 2009)”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wallace, Anderson, & Happé, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, because of task impurity, it is unclear whether this relative weakness reflects actual ‘cognitive’ processing speed, motor speed difficulties, or the two combined.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Scheuffgen, Happé, Anderson, and Frith (2000) found that children with ASD and below average IQ (mean = 82) demonstrated surprisingly fast processing speed, when asked to complete a perceptual discrimination in which the stimuli appeared on the computer screen for a variable amount of time, compared to children with intellectual disabilities.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scheuffgen, Happé, Anderson, and Frith (2000) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, the ASD WISC-IV profile described in the current study is consistent with prior reports (Mayes & Calhoun, 2008; Wechsler, 2003).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayes & Calhoun, 2008 source
- Not checked yetcites Wechsler, 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, our data expand on previous reports by demonstrating that performance on the PSI is related to autism communication symptoms and adaptive communication abilities, but not, as we predicted, to ADHD symptoms in this ASD sample.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Klin et al. (2007) found strong correlations between Vineland Communication scores and Verbal IQ (as measured by the WISC-III) but unlike the present study; no significant correlations were noted with Performance IQ.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Klin et al. (2007) source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“our findings join others in the literature demonstrating limited associations between behavioral and neuropsychological measures of attention”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McAuley, Chen, Goos, Schachar, & Crosbie, 2010 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ADHD symptomatology is not associated with poor performance on the PSI subtests among high-functioning children with ASD while ASD symptomatology is.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there is a link between auditory processing speed and language learning disorders (Tallal, 2004), commonly found in ASD”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tallal, 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the cognitive demands of those tasks might differ, and might be biased or confounded by extraneous processes, such as mathematical abilities.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“processing speed, at least as conceptualized by the Wechsler scales, may moderate communication skills and communication deficits in ASD.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this was a clinical sample with some variability in the way the WMI was calculated.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous studies have shown a similar pattern of lower scores on the PSI and WMI relative to VCI and PRI for both ADHD and ASD groups; however, Comprehension subtest performance distinguishes the groups with ASD children obtaining lower scores”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Calhoun & Mayes, 2005; Mayes & Calhoun, 2003, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the sample described by Mayes and Calhoun (2008) the WMI score was below average, attributed to attention problems by these authors”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayes and Calhoun (2008) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“low to moderate correlations were found between the Conceptual composite of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II and all WISC-IV Composites, with WMI and VCI showing the highest correlations (r = .45) and PSI the lowest (r = .25).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wechsler, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these correlations may also reflect the dynamic and fast-changing nature of not only verbal, but also nonverbal communication within the context of social interactions.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other moderate correlations included the Social composite score with VCI and WMI (r = .36 and r = .35, respectively; Wechsler, 2003).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wechsler, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“investigations by Klin et al. (2007) and Black et al. (2009) showing that higher verbal ability is related to fewer communication difficulties”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we have captured cognitive profiles at a single point in time, which could conceivably vary across development due to maturational, intervention, and other effects.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“External validity of the present study is limited by the inclusion of only relatively high-functioning children with ASD; these findings may not hold among lower functioning children.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a study by Joseph et al. (2002) in which ADOS scores correlated with verbal abilities from the Differential Ability Scales among children with ASD”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joseph et al. (2002) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies converge to indicate that verbal abilities influence communication disabilities (and/or vice versa) even in high-functioning children with ASD with predominantly intact language.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive profiles in ASD, such as those documented here, could serve as informative endophenotypes, which are key for future genetic investigations.”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Missing data across measures did not bias the correlational results.
“Data were collected as part of a clinical evaluation, thus not all participants received all measures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ASD diagnostic subtypes (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, and PDD-NOS) can be combined for the WISC-IV profile and correlation analyses.
“Participants are a clinically referred sample of 56 consecutive cases of children (46 [82.1%] males) with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (high-functioning autism n=22; Asperger syndrome n=22; PDD-NOS n=12)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study had sufficient statistical power to detect associations between IQ and ADHD symptoms.
“No significant correlations were found between IQ scores and ADHD Rating Scale scores.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The archival clinically referred sample is representative of high-functioning children with ASD generally.
“Participants are a clinically referred sample of 56 consecutive cases of children (46 [82.1%] males) with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis”
The paper relies on this without support.
ADOS and Vineland scores were contemporaneous with the WISC-IV assessment.
“For ASD symptomatology, only the ADOS social and communication scores were utilized because ADI scores are not contemporaneous with IQ assessment”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Wechsler processing speed tasks are primarily visuomotor.
“Given that the Wechsler processing speed tasks are primarily visuomotor”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ADOS and Vineland measures validly capture communication and social abilities in this sample.
“ADOS communication symptoms were inversely correlated with verbal abilities”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“lower processing speed has been found to correlate with adaptive communication skills (Oliveras-Rentas et al., 2012) and predicts academic underachievement (Mayes & Calhoun, 2007) in autistic children.”
From Cognitive Profile in Autism and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Performance on the WAIS-IV and WISC-V (2024) · cites this paper as Oliveras-Rentas et al., 2012
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(55) = -5.64reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(55) = −5.64, p < .001”
- Consistentt(55) = -5.49reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(55) = −5.49, p < .001”
- Consistentt(55) = -4.15reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(55) = −4.15, p < .001”
- Consistentt(55) = -4.05reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(55) = −4.05, p < .001”
- Consistentt(55) = 3.54reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(55) = 3.54, p = .001”
- Consistentt(55) = 2.28reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .027
“t(55) = 2.28, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(3, 52) = 18.32reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(3,52) = 18.32, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(7, 55) = 19.8reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(7,55) = 19.8, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Within group differences on subtest performance were also found (F(7,55) = 19.8, p < .001).”
§ WISC-IV Profile in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: Impaired Processing Speed is Associated with Increased Autism Communication Symptoms and Decreased Adaptive Communication Abilities > Results > Within group comparisons
Reported 55 · recomputed 385
Citations
Cites
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“Klin et al. (2007) suggest that adaptive abilities, previously under-investigated in high-functioning children and adolescents on the autism spectrum, provide an important indicator of functioning independent from autism symptoms, or disabilities, and a target for intervention that is not captured…”
InfluentialThe level and nature of autistic intelligence
Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Ann Gernsbacher, M., & Mottron, L. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01954.x · Cited by 549 · cited 1×
“Subscale profile analysis is another common, if controversial (Fiorello et al. 2001; Pfeiffer et al. 2000), use of intelligence measures that is particularly relevant in ASD, which is characterized by unusual variability in performance (Dawson et al. 2007; Goldstein et al. 2008).”
A Follow‐Up Study of High‐Functioning Autistic Children
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“Intellectual functioning is also an important predictor of outcome in ASD (Billstedt et al. 2007; Venter et al. 1992 ); it is essential for monitoring progress and development (Koegel et al. 1997), and also has been used for the purposes of differential diagnosis (Goldstein et al. 2008).”
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“Joseph et al. (2002) examined the relationship of performance on the Differential Ability Scales (Elliott 1990) with autism symptoms derived from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al. 1999) in a group of children with ASD.”
InfluentialImproving language and literacy is a matter of time
Tallal, P. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1499 · Cited by 488 · cited 2×
“Historically, there is a link between auditory processing speed and language learning disorders (Tallal, 2004), commonly found in ASD, which may be reflected in our findings.”
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Chhabildas, N., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1012281226028 · Cited by 461 · cited 2×
“Furthermore, prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory (e.g., Tillman et al. 2011) and processing speed (Chhabildas et al. 2001).”
Adaptive skills and executive function in autism spectrum disorders.
Gilotty, L., Kenworthy, L., Sirian, L., Black, D. O., & Wagner, A. E. (2002) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.8.4.241.13504 · Cited by 421
Self-citationGoldstein, S., & Schwebach, A. J. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000029554.46570.68 · Cited by 412 · cited 2×
“ADHD symptom comorbidity with ASD has been reported to be as high as 59% (Goldstein and Schwebach 2004) to 67.”
InfluentialIndividual differences in joint attention skill development in the second year
Mundy, P., & Gomes, A. (1998) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(98)90020-0 · Cited by 412
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“In addition to meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, all participants also met the criteria for a ‘‘broad Autism Spectrum Disorder’’ on the ADI/ADI-R and/or ADOS established by the NICHD/NIDCD Collaborative Programs for Excellence in Autism (Lainhart et al. 2006).”
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Supplementary Norms for Individuals with Autism
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“In ASD individuals, those abilities are consistently impaired in most, if not all domains, but particularly in socialization skills (Bolte and Poustka 2002; Carter et al. 1998; Kenworthy et al. 2010).”
Predictors and Correlates of Adaptive Functioning in Children with Developmental Disorders
Liss, M., Harel, B., Fein, D., Allen, D., Dunn, M., Feinstein, C., Morris, R., Waterhouse, L., & Rapin, I. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1010707417274 · Cited by 349 · cited 2×
“IQ is more predictive of adaptive behavior in ASD with intellectual disability (e.g., Liss et al. 2001; Bolte and Poustka 2002), than in those who are high functioning (Bolte and Poustka 2002; Freeman et al. 1999; Liss et al. 2001; Volkmar et al. 1987; Kenworthy et al. 2005).”
MCAULEY, T., CHEN, S., GOOS, L., SCHACHAR, R., & CROSBIE, J. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710000093 · Cited by 345 · cited 2×
“demonstrating limited associations between behavioral and neuropsychological measures of attention (e.g., McAuley et al. 2010 ).”
WISC-IV and WIAT-II Profiles in Children With High-Functioning Autism
Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0410-4 · Cited by 331 · cited 12×
“Only one of the previously mentioned studies (Mayes and Calhoun 2008) and preliminary data reported in the WISC-IV manual (Wechsler 2003) examine this profile in ASD using the most recent version of the Wechsler scales for children.”
InfluentialMayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1024462719081 · Cited by 319 · cited 8×
“…studies have shown a similar pattern of lower scores on the PSI and WMI relative to VCI and PRI for both ADHD and ASD groups; however, Comprehension subtest performance distinguishes the groups with ASD children obtaining lower scores (e.g., Calhoun and Mayes 2005; Mayes and Calhoun 2003, 2004).”
InfluentialPredictors of outcome among high functioning children with autism and Asperger syndrome
Szatmari, P., Bryson, S. E., Boyle, M. H., Streiner, D. L., & Duku, E. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00141 · Cited by 310
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Following the direction of gaze and language development in 6-month-olds
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Wechsler IQ profiles in diagnosis of high-functioning autism
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“Although this profile has been consistently reported across various age groups and functioning levels, it does not confer diagnostic utility ( Siegel et al. 1996 ).”
InfluentialYerys, B. E., Wallace, G. L., Sokoloff, J. L., Shook, D. A., James, J. D., & Kenworthy, L. (2009) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.103 · Cited by 299 · cited 2×
“There is evidence that ADHD in ASD is associated with differences in autism symptomatology, executive functioning (Sinzig, Morsch, Bruning, Schmidt, & Lehmkuhl, 2008), and adaptive behaviors (Yerys et al., 2009), although there are no studies of which we are aware that address the Wechsler IQ profile in ASD plus ADHD.”
Self-citationSocial Deficits in Autism: An Operational Approach Using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Goudreau, D., Cicchetti, D. V., Paul, R., & Cohen, D. J. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198703000-00005 · Cited by 290 · cited 2×
“IQ is more predictive of adaptive behavior in ASD with intellectual disability (e.g., Liss et al. 2001; Bolte and Poustka 2002), than in those who are high functioning (Bolte and Poustka 2002; Freeman et al. 1999; Liss et al. 2001; Volkmar et al. 1987; Kenworthy et al. 2005).”
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Wechsler IQ profile and theory of mind in autism: A research note
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“Klin et al. (2007) suggest that adaptive abilities, previously under-investigated in highfunctioning children and adolescents on the autism spectrum, provide an important indicator of functioning independent from autism symptoms, or disabilities, and a target for intervention that is not captured by IQ.”
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WISC-IV and WISC-III Profiles in Children With ADHD
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“For example, one study demonstrated that all 118 children with ADHD assessed with the WISC-IV scored lowest on either the WMI or the PSI (Mayes and Calhoun 2006).”
Bölte, S., & Poustka, F. (2002) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1020734325815 · Cited by 216 · cited 2×
“In ASD individuals, those abilities are consistently impaired in most, if not all domains, but particularly in socialization skills (Bolte and Poustka 2002; Carter et al. 1998; Kenworthy et al. 2010).”
Kenworthy, L., Case, L., Harms, M. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0911-4 · Cited by 213 · cited 5×
“…et al. (2010) find significant correlations between adaptive communication and IQ in three highfunctioning ASD samples, adaptive social skills do not appear to have a significant association with intelligence in children with high-functioning ASD (Freeman et al. 1999; Kenworthy et al. 2010).”
InfluentialSelf-citationA study of intellectual abilities in high-functioning people with autism
Lincoln, A. J., Courchesne, E., Kilman, B. A., Elmasian, R., & Allen, M. H. (1988) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02211870 · Cited by 208 · cited 1×
“…Wallace (&) Laboratory of Brain & Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 4C104, MSC 1366, Bethesda, MD 20892-1366, USA e-mail: gregwallace@mail.nih.gov Koyama et al. 2006, 2007; Lincoln et al. 1988; Mayes and Calhoun 2003, 2004; Nyden et al. 2001; Siegel et al. 1996).”
Processing speed in children with clinical disorders
Calhoun, S. L., & Mayes, S. D. (2005) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20067 · Cited by 208 · cited 2×
“…studies have shown a similar pattern of lower scores on the PSI and WMI relative to VCI and PRI for both ADHD and ASD groups; however, Comprehension subtest performance distinguishes the groups with ASD children obtaining lower scores (e.g., Calhoun and Mayes 2005; Mayes and Calhoun 2003, 2004).”
Yoshida, Y., & Uchiyama, T. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0391-1 · Cited by 204 · cited 1×
“ADHD symptom comorbidity with ASD has been reported to be as high as 59% (Goldstein and Schwebach 2004) to 67.9% (Yoshida and Uchiyama 2004).”
InfluentialMarkus, J., Mundy, P. C., Morales, M., Delgado, C. F., & Yale, M. E. (2000) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00127 · Cited by 171
Minshew, N. J., Turner, C. A., & Goldstein, G. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-1030-x · Cited by 165
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Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale Scores as a Function of Age and Initial IQ in 210 Autistic Children
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Variables Related to Differences in Standardized Test Outcomes for Children with Autism
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“Intellectual functioning is also an important predictor of outcome in ASD (Billstedt et al. 2007; Venter et al. 1992); it is essential for monitoring progress and development (Koegel et al. 1997), and also has been used for the purposes of differential diagnosis (Goldstein et al. 2008).”
High “intelligence,” low “IQ”? Speed of processing and measured IQ in children with autism
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“Scheuffgen et al. (2000) found that children with ASD and below average IQ (mean = 82) demonstrated surprisingly fast processing speed, when asked to complete a perceptual discrimination in which the stimuli appeared on the computer screen for a variable amount of time, compared to children with…”
Effects of age and IQ on adaptive behavior domains for children with autism
Schatz, J., & Hamdan-Allen, G. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02178167 · Cited by 123
Cognitive and symptom profiles in Asperger’s syndrome and high‐functioning autism
Koyama, T., Tachimori, H., Osada, H., Takeda, T., & Kurita, H. (2007) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01617.x · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“…Wallace (&) Laboratory of Brain & Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 4C104, MSC 1366, Bethesda, MD 20892-1366, USA e-mail: gregwallace@mail.nih.gov Koyama et al. 2006, 2007; Lincoln et al. 1988; Mayes and Calhoun 2003, 2004; Nyden et al. 2001; Siegel et al. 1996).”
The Predictive Validity of Parent and Teacher Reports of ADHD Symptoms
Power, T. J., Doherty, B. J., Panichelli-Mindel, S. M., Karustis, J. L., Eiraldi, R. B., Anastopoulos, A. D., & DuPaul, G. J. (1998) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1023035426642 · Cited by 108 · cited 2×
“in discriminating children with ADHD from typically developing children (Power et al., 1998).”
Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2004) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040490888530 · Cited by 105 · cited 8×
“…studies have shown a similar pattern of lower scores on the PSI and WMI relative to VCI and PRI for both ADHD and ASD groups; however, Comprehension subtest performance distinguishes the groups with ASD children obtaining lower scores (e.g., Calhoun and Mayes 2005; Mayes and Calhoun 2003, 2004).”
InfluentialBlack, D. O., Wallace, G. L., Sokoloff, J. L., & Kenworthy, L. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0795-3 · Cited by 102 · cited 4×
“Our finding that ADOS communication symptoms were inversely correlated with verbal abilities is consistent with investigations by Klin et al. (2007) and Black et al. (2009) showing that higher verbal ability is related to fewer communication difficulties.”
InfluentialSelf-citationPATTERNS OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING IN NON‐RETARDED AUTISTIC AND SCHIZOPHRENIC CHILDREN
Asarnow, R. F., Tanguay, P. E., Bott, L., & Freeman, B. J. (1987) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00210.x · Cited by 101 · cited 2×
“When examining subtest performance at the group level, most studies find relatively high scores on Block Design and low scores on Comprehension and Coding/Digit Symbol (Allen et al. 1991; Asarnow et al. 1987; Dennis et al. 1999; Freeman et al. 1985; Happe ´ 1994;”
Kenworthy, L. E., Black, D. O., Wallace, G. L., Ahluvalia, T., Wagner, A. E., & Sirian, L. M. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2803_4 · Cited by 96 · cited 2×
“IQ is more predictive of adaptive behavior in ASD with intellectual disability (e.g., Liss et al. 2001; Bolte and Poustka 2002), than in those who are high functioning (Bolte and Poustka 2002; Freeman et al. 1999; Liss et al. 2001; Volkmar et al. 1987; Kenworthy et al. 2005).”
Self-citationNeurocognitive stability in Asperger syndrome, ADHD, and reading and writing disorder: a pilot study
Nydén, A., Billstedt, E., Hjelmquist, E., & Gillberg, C. (2001) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00182.x · Cited by 78 · cited 4×
“When examining subtest performance at the group level, most studies find relatively high scores on Block Design and low scores on Comprehension and Coding/Digit Symbol (Allen et al. 1991; Asarnow et al. 1987; Dennis et al. 1999; Freeman et al. 1985; Happé 1994; R. E. Oliveras-Rentas L. Kenworthy Center for Autism Spe…”
InfluentialAllen, M. H., Lincoln, A. J., & Kaufman, A. S. (1991) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02206872 · Cited by 76
The practitioner's view of IQ testing and profile analysis.
Pfeiffer, S. I., Reddy, L. A., Kletzel, J. E., Schmelzer, E. R., & Boyer, L. M. (2000) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/h0088795 · Cited by 72 · cited 1×
“Subscale profile analysis is another common, if controversial (Fiorello et al. 2001; Pfeiffer et al. 2000), use of intelligence measures that is particularly relevant in ASD, which is characterized by unusual variability in performance (Dawson et al. 2007; Goldstein et al. 2008).”
Brief Report: The Use of WAIS-III in Adults with HFA and Asperger Syndrome
Spek, A. A., Scholte, E. M., & van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0446-5 · Cited by 71
The Relation Between Working Memory Components and ADHD Symptoms From a Developmental Perspective
Tillman, C., Eninger, L., Forssman, L., & Bohlin, G. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.549981 · Cited by 70 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, prior studies have demonstrated an association between ADHD symptoms and weaknesses in both working memory (e.g., Tillman et al. 2011) and processing speed (Chhabildas et al. 2001).”
The structure of intelligence in children and adults with high functioning autism.
Goldstein, G., Allen, D. N., Minshew, N. J., Williams, D. L., Volkmar, F., Klin, A., & Schultz, R. T. (2008) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.3.301 · Cited by 67 · cited 4×
“Subscale profile analysis is another common, if controversial (Fiorello et al. 2001; Pfeiffer et al. 2000), use of intelligence measures that is particularly relevant in ASD, which is characterized by unusual variability in performance (Dawson et al. 2007; Goldstein et al. 2008).”
InfluentialDONDERS, J., & JANKE, K. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080752 · Cited by 63 · cited 2×
“Because studies of other clinical groups (e.g., children with traumatic brain injury) have shown profile differences when comparing the WISC-IV to older versions of the WISC (e.g., Donders and Jenke 2008 ), it is important to establish the WISC-IV profile in ASD.”
Dennis, M., Lockyer, L., Lazenby, A. L., Donnelly, R., Wilkinson, M., & Schoonheyt, W. E. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025962431132 · Cited by 53 · cited 3×
“When examining subtest performance at the group level, most studies find relatively high scores on Block Design and low scores on Comprehension and Coding/Digit Symbol (Allen et al. 1991; Asarnow et al. 1987; Dennis et al. 1999; Freeman et al. 1985; Happé 1994; R. E. Oliveras-Rentas L. Kenworthy Center for Autism Spe…”
IQ interpretation for children with flat and variable test profiles
Fiorello, C. A., Hale, J. B., McGrath, M., Ryan, K., & Quinn, S. (2002) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(02)00075-4 · Cited by 51 · cited 2×
“Subscale profile analysis is another common, if controversial (Fiorello et al. 2001; Pfeiffer et al. 2000), use of intelligence measures that is particularly relevant in ASD, which is characterized by unusual variability in performance (Dawson et al. 2007; Goldstein et al. 2008).”
Wallace, G. L., Anderson, M., & Happé, F. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0684-1 · Cited by 50
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Self-citationKoyama, T., Tachimori, H., Osada, H., & Kurita, H. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0075-4 · Cited by 44 · cited 2×
“Koyama et al. 2006, 2007; Lincoln et al. 1988; Mayes and Calhoun 2003, 2004; Nyden et al. 2001; Siegel et al. 1996).”
High functioning individuals with autism: Diagnosis, empirical findings, and theoretical issues
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Meta-Analysis of Working Memory Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y.-B., Liu, L.-L., Cui, J.-F., Wang, J., Shum, D. H. K., van Amelsvoort, T., & Chan, R. C. K. (2017) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9336-y · Cited by 252
“Furthermore, WM impairments have been reported to be related to communication and socialization deficits (Gilotty et al., 2002; Oliveras-Rentas et al., 2012) and restrictive and repetitive symptoms (Lopez et al., 2005; Sachse et al., 2013) in individuals with ASD.”
BackgroundDisrupted cortical connectivity theory as an explanatory model for autism spectrum disorders
Kana, R. K., Libero, L. E., & Moore, M. S. (2011) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2011.10.001 · Cited by 263
A meta-analysis of working memory in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Habib, A., Harris, L., Pollick, F., & Melville, C. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216198 · Cited by 179
Clarke, T.-K., Lupton, M. K., Fernandez-Pujals, A. M., Starr, J., Davies, G., Cox, S., Pattie, A., Liewald, D. C., Hall, L. S., MacIntyre, D. J., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.12 · Cited by 179
Language Acquisition and Language Disorders
(2013) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald · Cited by 166
Metadata
- Authors
- Oliveras-Rentas, R. E., Kenworthy, L., Roberson, R. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Children's National (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wallace, Gregory L.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2011-06-03
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 655-664
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC3448485
- OpenAlex
- W2004828747
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002920)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, high-functioning autism, WISC-IV, processing speed, adaptive behavior, ADHD symptoms, matrix reasoning, Similarities subtest, Comprehension subtest, symbol search, Coding subtest, children
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Aptitude, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Communication, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Social Behavior, Wechsler Scales, Comprehension
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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