Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms moderate cognition and behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders
Open accessAbstract
Recent estimates suggest that 31% of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) meet diagnostic criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and another 24% of children with ASD exhibit subthreshold clinical ADHD symptoms. Presence of ADHD symptoms in the context of ASD could have a variety of effects on cognition, autistic traits, and adaptive/maladaptive behaviors including: exacerbating core ASD impairments; adding unique impairments specific to ADHD; producing new problems unreported in ASD or ADHD; having no clear impact; or producing some combination of these scenarios. Children with ASD and co‐morbid ADHD symptoms (ASD+ADHD; n =21), children with ASD without ADHD (ASD; n =28), and a typically developing control group ( n =21) were included in the study; all groups were matched on age, gender‐ratio, IQ, and socioeconomic status. Data were collected on verbal and spatial working memory, response inhibition, global executive control (EC), autistic traits, adaptive functioning, and maladaptive behavior problems. In this sample, the presence of ADHD symptoms in ASD exacerbated impairments in EC and adaptive behavior and resulted in higher autistic trait, and externalizing behavior ratings. ADHD symptoms were also associated with greater impairments on a lab measure of verbal working memory. These findings suggest that children with ASD+ADHD symptoms present with exacerbated impairments in some but not all domains of functioning relative to children with ASD, most notably in adaptive behavior and working memory. Therefore, ADHD may moderate the expression of components of the ASD cognitive and behavioral phenotype, but ASD+ADHD may not represent an etiologically distinct phenotype from ASD alone.
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Working memory impairments remain notable among youth with ASD when ADHD symptoms are controlled and among individuals without co-occurring ADHD.
“Impairments on tests intended to measure working memory remain notable among youth with ASD when controlling for symptoms of ADHD65 and among individuals without co-occurring ADHD.66 67”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
The Results (Executive Control; page not available) report a significant verbal working-memory deficit for the ASD+ADHD group versus typically developing children, but no significant group differences in spatial working memory. The Discussion (Executive Control; page not available) suggests that the verbal deficit may be unique to the ASD+ADHD group, contrary to the claim that working-memory impairments remain notable when ADHD symptoms are accounted for. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildren with ASD continue to show poor inhibitory control test performance after ADHD symptoms are controlled.
“Similarly, children with ASD continue to show poor inhibitory control test performance after controlling for ADHD symptoms.65”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
The Results (Executive Control; page unavailable) report no significant group differences on the laboratory response-inhibition test, including for children with ASD without elevated ADHD symptoms versus typically developing controls. The Discussion (Executive Control; page unavailable) reiterates that finding, although it questions the test’s sensitivity. The paper therefore does not find the poor test performance asserted in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen ADHD symptoms are controlled in ASD samples, working memory effect sizes remain medium for verbal (d=0.53) and spatial (d=0.50) tests.
“When ADHD symptoms are controlled for among ASD samples, effect sizes remain medium for verbal (d=0.53) and spatial tests (d=0.50).42,65”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
The Results (Executive Control; page unavailable) report medium effect sizes for verbal working memory when comparing ASD+ADHD with ASD, and for spatial working memory when comparing ASD+ADHD with other groups. The paper compares groups defined by ADHD symptoms rather than reporting an analysis that controls for those symptoms; the passages do not give the claimed d=0.53 or d=0.50. Spatial working-memory differences were not statistically significant. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildren with ASD continue to show impaired set shifting compared with neurotypical individuals after co-occurring ADHD symptoms are controlled, with a medium effect size (d=0.61) across tasks.
“children with ASD continue to show impaired performance on tests intended to measure set shifting compared to neurotypical individuals after controlling for co-occurring ADHD symptoms, with a medium effect size (d=0.61) across tasks.65”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
The Results (Executive Control; page unavailable) report that children with ASD without elevated ADHD symptoms had more impaired parent-rated shifting than typically developing children. The Methods (Participants; page unavailable) show that ADHD symptoms were addressed by separating the ASD groups, not by statistically controlling for them. The paper does not establish impaired performance across set-shifting tasks or report the claimed across-task effect size of d=0.61. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredComorbid ADHD is associated with worse adaptive function in ASD.
“relates to worse adaptive function (Yerys et al., 2009)”
From Data‐driven identification of subtypes of executive function across typical development, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders (2020) · cites this paper as Yerys et al., 2009
ADHD in ASD is associated with differences in autism symptomatology, executive functioning, and adaptive behaviors.
“There is evidence that ADHD in ASD is associated with differences in autism symptomatology, executive functioning (Sinzig, Morsch, Bruning, Schmidt, & Lehmkuhl, 2008), and adaptive behaviors (Yerys et al., 2009)”
From WISC-IV profile in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Impaired processing speed is associated with increased autism communication symptoms and decreased adaptive communication abilities (2012) · cites this paper as Yerys et al., 2009
Profiles of executive impairment may differ between ASD individuals with and without ADHD.
“and profiles of executive impairment may differ between ASD individuals with and without ADHD (Sinzig, Morsch, Bruning, Schmidt, & Lehmkuhl, 2008; Yerys et al., 2009).”
From Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism (2013) · cites this paper as Yerys et al., 2009
In autism, group differences on executive function measures compared to non-ASD mental age-matched controls do not imply that all individuals with ASD have executive function problems, particularly when considering milder variants.
“Similarly, in autism, group differences on EF measures (compared to non-ASD mental age-matched controls) do not imply that all individuals with ASD have EF problems, particularly when considering the milder variants of the condition”
From Brain adaptation and alternative developmental trajectories (2015) · cites this paper as Yerys et al., 2009
Self-reported executive-function deficits have been significantly related to constructs associated with deficient executive function in daily life, including academic procrastination, ADHD, and traumatic brain injury.
“Significant relationships between self-reported EF deficits and a variety of constructs that are associated with deficient implementation of EF in daily life have been reported, including academic procrastination (e.g., deficits in planning, organization, and initiation; Rabin et al. 2011), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; known to encompass multiple EF deficits, e.g., deficits in”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Yers et al. 2009
Difficulties in shifting are not usually found in the ASD+ADHD group compared with the pure ASD group on laboratory tasks, but they have been identified using parent reports.
“For example, difficulties in shifting are not usually found in the ASD+ADHD group, compared to the pure ASD group, on laboratory tasks, but they have been identified using parent reports (Yerys et al., 2009).”
From Children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Relationships between symptoms and executive function, theory of mind, and behavioral problems (2018) · cites this paper as Yerys et al., 2009
Sometimes no inhibitory deficits have been found in the comorbid ASD+ADHD group.
“Inhibitory problems seem to be shared by the group with ASD+ADHD and the group with ADHD (Bühler et al., 2011;Chantiluke et al., 2014;Sinzig et al., 2008b;Tye et al., 2014), although sometimes no inhibitory deficits have been found in the comorbid group (Sinzig et al., 2008a;Van der Meer et al., 2012;Yerys et al., 2009).”
From Children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Relationships between symptoms and executive function, theory of mind, and behavioral problems (2018) · cites this paper as Yerys et al., 2009
Similar results were obtained by Yerys et al. (2009) when comparing executive functioning in children with TD, ASD, and ASD+ADHD using the parent version of the BRIEF.
“Similar results were obtained by Yerys et al. (2009) when comparing the EF in children with TD, ASD, and ASD+ADHD, using the parent version of the BRIEF.”
From Children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Relationships between symptoms and executive function, theory of mind, and behavioral problems (2018) · cites this paper as Yerys et al., 2009
Yerys et al. found high levels of ADHD-like symptoms in children with HFA to be associated with impairment in verbal working memory.
“This is in accordance with the results of Yerys et al. [49] finding high levels of ADHD-like symptoms in children with HFA to be associated with impairment in verbal working memory.”
From Symptoms of ADHD in Children with High-Functioning Autism Are Related to Impaired Verbal Working Memory and Verbal Delayed Recall (2013) · cites this paper as [49]
Yerys et al. found greater overall cognitive impairments, including poor global executive control, cognitive flexibility, and verbal working memory, in children with ASD who also had hyperactivity.
“Yerys et al. [115] found greater overall cognitive impairments, including poor overall global executive control, cognitive flexibility, and verbal working memory, in children with ASD who also had hyperactivity.”
From Treatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [115]
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Didden, R., Sigafoos, J., Green, V. A., Korzilius, H. P. L. M., Mouws, C., Lancioni, G. E., O’Reilly, M. F., & Curfs, L. (2008) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01055.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Wechsler Scales of Intelligence
Goldstein, G., & Mazefsky, C. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_113 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Cambridge Cognition CANTAB 1996 Cambridge Cognition Limited Cambridge, England
- Sparrow S Balla D Cicchetti D Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Interview Edition, Survey Form) 1984 American Guidance Service Circle Pines, MN
- Wechsler D Wechsler Scales of Intelligence – Third Edition 1991 Psychological Corporation San Antonio, TX
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lai, M.-C., Kassee, C., Besney, R., Bonato, S., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Szatmari, P., & Ameis, S. H. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5 · Cited by 1,892 · see citing works
Antshel, K. M., & Russo, N. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1020-5 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Leitner, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00268 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
“There is preliminary evidence that when ADHD is comorbid with ASD, the risk for increased severity of psychosocial problems increases (Gadow et al., 2004; Yerys et al., 2009).”
Rommelse, N. N. J., Geurts, H. M., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hartman, C. A. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.015 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism
Keehn, B., Müller, R.-A., & Townsend, J. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.014 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
“Raymaekers R, Antrop I, van der Meere JJ, Wiersema JR, Roeyers H. HFA and ADHD: a direct comparison on state regulation and response inhibition.”
BackgroundInfluentialLivingston, L. A., & Happé, F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.005 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
What about the girls? Sex-based differences in autistic traits and adaptive skills
Ratto, A. B., Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B. E., Bascom, J., Wieckowski, A. T., White, S. W., Wallace, G. L., Pugliese, C., Schultz, R. T., Ollendick, T. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3413-9 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
“Additionally, the use of the continuous rating scale in the SRS, as opposed to the ordinal scale of the ADOS, allows for greater variability in scores, and potentially a stronger ability to capture more subtle sex-based differences in the intensity of autistic traits.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRong, Y., Yang, C.-J., Jin, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101759 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Souders, M. C., Jackson, S. Z., Eriksen, W., Sinko, R., Connell, J. E., Kerns, C. M., Schaaf, R. C., & Pinto‐Martin, J. A. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0782-x · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Sex differences in visual-spatial working memory: A meta-analysis
Voyer, D., Voyer, S. D., & Saint-Aubin, J. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1085-7 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“…2014 29 45 19.0 Pattern recall blocks computer accuracy 0.31 0.24 Wong et al. 2014 27 22 10.1 Pattern recall verbal computer errors 0.25 0.29 Yerys et al. 2009 13 7 10.3 Token NA blocks computer errors 0.21 0.47 Year = year of publication; Nm = number of males; Nf = number of females; Age =…”
BackgroundInfluentialAnnual research review: re-thinking the classification of autism spectrum disorders
Lord, C., & Jones, R. M. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02547.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
“These include hyperactivity and attention difficulties (Keehn, Lincoln, Muller, & Townsend, 2010; Yerys et al., 2009), and general behavior problems including disruptive behaviors and aggression, anxiety, depression and obsessivecompulsive disorder (Gjevik, Eldevik, FjaeranGranum, & Sponheim, 2011;…”
BackgroundHill, A. P., Zuckerman, K. E., Hagen, A., Kříž, D., Duvall, S. W., van Santen, J. P. H., Nigg, J. T., Fair, D. A., & Fombonne, E. J. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.05.006 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“…greater sleep difficulties (Goldman, Richdale, Clemons, & Malow, 2012; Mayes & Calhoun, 2009; Mazurek et al., 2013), internalizing symptoms (Cervantes, Matson, Tureck, & Adams, 2013; Kim, Szatmari, Bryson, Streiner, & Wilson, 2000), and hyperactivity and attention deficits (Yerys et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialBarua, P. D., Vicnesh, J., Gururajan, R., Oh, S. L., Palmer, E., Azizan, M. M., Kadri, N. A., & Acharya, U. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031192 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
“The complex web of comorbidities between NDDs and MHDs can contribute to the severity of learning disabilities [11] in individual children and can further reduce the quality of life.”
BackgroundWallace, G. L., Kenworthy, L., Pugliese, C. E., Popal, H. S., White, E. I., Brodsky, E., & Martin, A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2655-7 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“This is perhaps unsurprising given the emerging literature demonstrating, for example, exacerbated adaptive functioning deficits among children with both ASD and ADHD when compared to childrenwith ASD alone (e.g., Yerys et al. 2009) or ADHD alone (e.g., Ashwood et al. 2015).”
ResultAn update on the comorbidity of ADHD and ASD: a focus on clinical management
Antshel, K. M., Zhang‐James, Y., Wagner, K. E., Ledesma, A., & Faraone, S. V. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2016.1146591 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
“Others have likewise demonstrated that ASD + ADHD is associated with more severe impairments in adaptive behavior when compared to children with ASD alone [111,137].”
ResultDefining the cognitive phenotype of autism
Charman, T., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Baird, G., & Happé, F. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.075 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Contribution of Rating Scales to the Assessment of Executive Functions
Isquith, P. K., Roth, R. M., & Gioia, G. (2013) · Applied Neuropsychology: Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2013.748389 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“In the first study to examine profiles in childhood conditions, parent ratings on the BRIEF were compared between groups of children diagnosed with reading disorders, ADHD-I, ADHD-C, ASD, and moderate TBI or severe TBI evaluated 5 years postinjury (Gioia et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialOliveras-Rentas, R. E., Kenworthy, L., Roberson, R. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1289-7 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“There is evidence that ADHD in ASD is associated with differences in autism symptomatology, executive functioning (Sinzig, Morsch, Bruning, Schmidt, & Lehmkuhl, 2008), and adaptive behaviors (Yerys et al., 2009), although there are no studies of which we are aware that address the Wechsler IQ profile in ASD plus ADHD.”
Self-citationPugliese, C. E., Anthony, L. G., Strang, J. F., Dudley, K., Wallace, G. L., Naiman, D. Q., & Kenworthy, L. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2584-5 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Yerys et al. (2009) reported that children with ASD and comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms had greater impairments in inhibition compared to children with ASD without ADHD as well as poorer adaptive behavior.”
Self-citationBrain adaptation and alternative developmental trajectories
Johnson, M. H., Jones, E. J. H., & Gliga, T. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000073 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“Similarly, in autism, group differences on EF measures (compared to non-ASD mental age-matched controls) do not imply that all individuals with ASD have EF problems, particularly when considering the milder variants of the condition (Losh et al., 2009; Yerys et al., 2009).”
Developmental comorbidity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Taurines, R., Schmitt, J., Renner, T., Conner, A. C., Warnke, A., & Romanos, M. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0040-0 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Rao, P. A., & Landa, R. J. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361312470494 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“, 2007) and maladaptive behaviors (Yerys et al., 2009) in children with ASD comorbid with ADHD than children with ASD only.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCraig, F., Lamanna, A. L., Margari, F., Matera, E., Simone, M., & Margari, L. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1449 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“The authors found that the ASD1ADHD group received significantly higher ratings for externalizing problems, attention problems, and hyperactivity than the ASD and Control groups [Yerys et al., 2009].”
BackgroundExecutive function and developmental disorders: the flip side of the coin
Johnson, M. H. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.07.001 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Brief report: Cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorders: A quantitative review
Leung, R. C., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2136-4 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“…and Pennington (2005) Goldberg et al. (2005) Kaufmann et al. (2013) Landa and Goldberg (2005) Ozonoff et al. (2000) HFA and ASP Sachse et al. (2013) Yerys et al. 2009 8 0.30 0.20 78.7 0.14 0.46 0.11 0.69 4 CANTAB ID/ED total number of trials to complete all 9 categories Roelofs et al.…”
InfluentialAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the context of autism spectrum disorders
Murray, M. J. (2010) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0145-3 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Hansen, B. H., Oerbeck, B., Skirbekk, B., Petrovski, B. É., & Kristensen, H. (2018) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1444087 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“cognitive impairment [2], reduced quality of life [3,4], and”
BackgroundRoth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2014) · Handbook of Executive Functioning · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_18 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Brookman-Frazee, L., Stadnick, N., Chlebowski, C., Baker-Ericzén, M., & Ganger, W. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317712650 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“These data are also consistent with prior research documenting higher problem behaviors in children with ASD and co-occurring ADHD compared with those with ASD alone (Yerys et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultSikora, D. M., Vora, P., Coury, D. L., & Rosenberg, D. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0900g · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder in children with ADHD
Zablotsky, B., Bramlett, M. D., & Blumberg, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717713638 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“It is possible that the presence of ADHD symptoms may further exacerbate symptoms of ASD (Yerys et al., 2009) which may translate to greater executive functioning deficits.”
BackgroundTreatment for Co-Occurring Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Davis, N. O., & Kollins, S. H. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0126-9 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“[115] found greater overall cognitive impairments, including poor overall global executive control, cognitive flexibility, and verbal working memory, in children with ASD who also had hyperactivity.”
BackgroundRETRACTED: Rates of comorbid symptoms in children with ASD, ADHD, and comorbid ASD and ADHD
Jang, J., Matson, J. L., Williams, L. W., Tureck, K., Goldin, R. L., & Cervantes, P. E. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.04.021 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
RetractedTye, C., Asherson, P., Ashwood, K. L., Azadi, B., Bolton, P., & McLoughlin, G. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001049 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Higher ASD symptom scores were demonstrated in the ASD+ ADHD group, which may indicate exacerbation of autistic traits with co-morbid ADHD, in line with other findings (e.g. Yerys et al. 2009).”
ResultReichow, B., Volkmar, F. R., & Bloch, M. H. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1793-z · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Regardless, ADHD symptoms in children with PDD cause significant obstacles to educational achievement, socialization, and behavioral management (Holtmann et al. 2007; Yerys et al. 2009), just as they do in children with typical development.”
BackgroundMcTighe, S. M., Webb, S. J. N., Lin, Q., Hughes, Z. A., & Smith, D. G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062189 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Schroder, C. M., Malow, B. A., Maras, A., Melmed, R. D., Findling, R. L., Breddy, J., Nir, T., Shahmoon, S., Zisapel, N., & Gringras, P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04046-5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“This is because presence of ADHD symptoms in the context of ASD could have a variety of effects on cognition, adaptive/maladaptive behavior (Murray 2010), verbal working memory (Yerys et al. 2009) motor problems (Murray 2010), resulting in a stronger severity of autistic symptoms (Sprenger et al.”
BackgroundVaidya, C. J., You, X., Mostofsky, S., Pereira, F., Berl, M. M., & Kenworthy, L. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13114 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationMatson, J. L., Rieske, R. D., & Williams, L. W. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.021 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Avni, E., Ben‐Itzchak, E., & Zachor, D. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00717 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“The current research is in line with previous findings that individuals with ASD and ADHD have a tendency toward greater impairments in adaptive functioning in all the VABS subdomains as compared to those with only ASD (2, 37, 38).”
BackgroundResultAnxiety and Mood Disorder in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD
Gordon‐Lipkin, E. M., Marvin, A. R., Law, J. K., & Lipkin, P. H. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1377 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Commonly studied comorbid psychopathologies among persons with autism spectrum disorder
Matson, J. L., & Cervantes, P. E. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.02.012 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD
Brem, S., Grünblatt, E., Drechsler, R., Riederer, P., & Walitza, S. (2014) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0146-x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
van den Bergh, S. F. W. M., Scheeren, A. M., Begeer, S., Koot, H. M., & Geurts, H. M. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2071-4 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“This clearly shows that, although group differences exist between groups with ASD and TD (Boyd et al. 2009; Chan et al. 2009; Endedijk et al. 2011; Kalbfleisch and Loughan 2012; Winsler et al. 2007; Yerys et al. 2009; Zandt et al. 2007), not all individuals with ASD encounter EF problems in one or more EF domains.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAutistic traits in children with ADHD index clinical and cognitive problems
Cooper, M., Martin, J., Langley, K., Hamshere, M. L., & Thapar, A. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0398-6 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ghirardi, L., Pettersson, E., Taylor, M. J., Freitag, C. M., Franke, B., Asherson, P., Larsson, H., & Kuja-Halkola, R. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800243x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Granader, Y., Wallace, G. L., Hardy, K. K., Yerys, B. E., Lawson, R. A., Rosenthal, M., Wills, M. C., Dixon, E., Pandey, J., Penna, R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2169-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Impaired flexibility is reflected in core symptoms of insistence on sameness and inflexible patterns of behavior and thinking (D’Cruz et al. 2013; Lopez et al. 2005; Reed et al. 2013, 2011; Yerys et al. 2009a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationImpact of ADHD symptoms on autism spectrum disorder symptom severity
Sprenger, L., Bühler, E., Poustka, L., Bach, C., Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, M., Kamp-Becker, I., & Bachmann, C. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.028 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“These results are in accordance with Yerys et al. (2009), who also found children and adolescents with ASD+ to exhibit a higher severity of autistic symptoms as measured with the SRS.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMansour, R., Dovi, A. T., Lane, D. M., Loveland, K. A., & Pearson, D. A. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.11.009 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“, 2001), predict more difficulties with general life functioning (Goldstein and Schwebach, 2004; Ogino et al., 2005; Yerys et al., 2009), and are positively correlated with receiving mental health services (Bryson, et al.”
BackgroundSocial Attention in a Virtual Public Speaking Task in Higher Functioning Children With Autism
Jarrold, W., Mundy, P. C., Gwaltney, M., Bailenson, J. N., Hatt, N. V., McIntyre, N. S., Kim, K. K., Solomon, M., Novotny, S. E., & Swain, L. A. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1302 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom ratings were included because children with HFASD may express symptoms of ADHD, and these are associated with differences in their cognitive performance, academic achievement, and social information processing [Ashburner et al., 2010; Lee & Ousley, 2006; Sinzig,…”
BackgroundMaladaptive Behaviors of Children with Autism: Parent Support, Stress, and Coping
Hall, H. R., & Graff, J. C. (2012) · Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.3109/01460862.2012.734210 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Parent reports reveal significant externalizing, and to a lesser degree, internalizing behavior problems, such as aggression, hyperactivity, and inattention in children with ADHD groups (Hudziak, Copeland, Stanger, & Wadsworth, 2004; Yerys et al., 2009).”
BackgroundParenting Stress in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD
Miranda, A., Mínguez, R. T., Andrés, M. I. F., Diago, C. C., & Pastor, G. (2015) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402915585479 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Some examples would be an increased intensity of the ASD symptoms (Jang et al., 2013; Sprenger et al., 2013; Yerys et al., 2009), especially repetitive and stereotyped behaviors (Rao & Landa, 2014) and temper tantrums (Goldin, Matson, Tureck, Cervantes, & Jang, 2013), or deficits in social skills (Kotte et al.”
BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorders: Translating human deficits into mouse behavior
Pasciuto, E., Borrie, S. C., Kanellopoulos, A. K., Santos, A. R. S., Cappuyns, E., D’Andrea, L., Pacini, L., & Bagni, C. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Update on Oral Health Management
Gandhi, R., & Klein, U. (2014) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.03.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
the BASIS Team, Hendry, A. J., Jones, E. J. H., Bedford, R., Gliga, T., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-017-9219-4 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Estimates of co-occurrence of clinical levels of ASD and ADHD symptoms range from 28 to 80% [25], and the presence of ADHD (specifically predominantly inattentive or combined sub-types) symptoms in ASD has been linked with lower EF performance [26, 27].”
BackgroundThe influence of sex and age on prevalence rates of comorbid conditions in autism
Supekar, K., Iyer, T., & Menon, V. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1741 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Vivanti, G., Fanning, P. A. J., Hocking, D. R., Sievers, S. B., & Dissanayake, C. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3106-4 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“However, other studies do not report a specific deficit in sustained attention in ASD (Garretson et al. 1990; Johnson et al. 2007; Siegel 1995; Yerys et al. 2009).”
Viscidi, E. W., Johnson, A. L., Spence, S. J., Buka, S. L., Morrow, E. M., & Triche, E. W. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313508027 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Hyperactivity is therefore an important behavioral feature in ASD, which has been linked to problems with executive function, autistic traits, adaptive function, and externalizing behaviors (Yerys et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTorske, T., Nærland, T., Øie, M. G., Stenberg, N., & Andreassen, O. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00258 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Results from recent studies indicate that neuropsychiatric disorders overlap with respect to both symptoms and causes (Moreno-De-Luca et al., 2013), and it has been recognized by both clinicians and researchers for some time that ASD and ADHD often co-occur (Yerys et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBerenguer, C., Roselló, B., Colomer, C., Baixauli, I., & Miranda, A. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.10.001 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Willard, S. S., & Koochekpour, S. (2013) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.6475 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“pression, bipolar disorder and recovery after traumatic CNS injury (for reviews, see [6, 35-43]).”
BackgroundBrief Report: Adaptive Functioning in Children with ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD
Ashwood, K. L., Tye, C., Azadi, B., Cartwright, S., Asherson, P. J., & Bolton, P. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2352-y · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“These findings suggest that children with ASD who meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD have poorer adaptive functioning, which extends previous findings in children with ASD with subthreshold ADHD symptoms (Rao and Landa 2013; Sikora et al. 2012; Yerys et al. 2009).”
Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., Skogli, E. W., Egeland, J., & Øie, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064842 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“[49] finding high levels of ADHD-like symptoms in children with HFA to be associated with impairment in verbal working memory.”
BackgroundDemopoulos, C., Hopkins, J., & Davis, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1657-y · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Indeed, there is a considerable body of research that has identified symptom overlap between ADHD and ASD (Corbett and Constantine 2006; Goldstein and Schwebach 2004; Holtmann et al. 2007; Leyfer et al. 2006; Sturm et al. 2004; Yerys et al. 2009; Yoshida and Uchiyama 2004).”
BackgroundResultMcClain, M. B., Mills, A. M. H., & Murphy, L. E. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.09.009 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Zajic, M. C., McIntyre, N. S., Lerro, L., Novotny, S. E., Oswald, T. M., & Mundy, P. C. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316675121 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Furthermore, studies have shown that the presence of elevated ADHD symptoms in school-age children with HFASD moderates cognitive and social abilities that can directly impact their academic performance (Ashburner et al., 2010; Gadow et al., 2008; Mayes and Calhoun, 2007; Sinzig et al., 2009; Yerys et al., 2009) as we…”
Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms
Letkiewicz, A. M., Miller, G. A., Crocker, L. D., Warren, S. L., Infantolino, Z. P., Mimnaugh, K. J., & Heller, W. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9629-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; known to encompass multiple EF deficits, e.g., deficits in attentional control and inhibition, poor judgment, etc.; Yers et al. 2009), and traumatic brain injury (associated with documented deficits in EF tasks; see Toplak et al. 2013, for a review of studies that…”
Vahabzadeh, A., Keshav, N. U., Salisbury, J. P., & Sahin, N. T. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9631 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The combination of ADHD and ASD has been linked not only to greater impairment [10,11] and psychopathology [12,13], but also reduced access and response to psychopharmacologic treatment for ADHD [15,25].”
BackgroundChiang, H., & Gau, S. S. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12450 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hanson, E. M., Cerban, B. M., Slater, C. M., Caccamo, L. M., Bacic, J. D., & Chan, E. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1677-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Dufault, R., Lukiw, W. J., Crider, R. A., Schnoll, R., Wallinga, D. B., & Deth, R. C. (2012) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/1868-7083-4-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Elevated blood Pb levels are indicative of Pb intoxication, which is found in some children diagnosed with autism and associated with the development of ADHD [33,34].”
BackgroundInfluentialYang, D. Y. ‐., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Lei, J., Dayan, E., Pelphrey, K. A., & Ventola, P. E. (2017) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-017-9183-z · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“anxiety disorder [7], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [8], and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) [9].”
BackgroundAdaptive behavior in youth with autism spectrum disorder: The role of flexibility
Bertollo, J. R., Strang, J. F., Anthony, L. G., Kenworthy, L., Wallace, G. L., & Yerys, B. E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04220-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosing autism in neurobiological research studies
Jones, R. M., & Lord, C. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.037 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kouklari, E.-C., Tsermentseli, S. K., & Monks, C. P. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000081 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“, 2016), the additive effect comorbid ADHD has been found to have on EF deficits such as working memory (Andersen et al., 2013; Yerys et al., 2009) and inhibition (Sinzig et al.”
BackgroundYerys, B. E., Bertollo, J. R., Kenworthy, L. E., Dawson, G., Marco, E. J., Schultz, R. T., & Sikich, L. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3856-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, T., Kim, S. H., Katz, B., & Mather, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Eisenhower, A., Blacher, J., & Bush, H. H. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.09.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“It is well-documented that children with ASD, relative to TD children, show heightened rates of externalizing problems, which may include aggression, hyperactivity, and rule-breaking behavior (e.g., Kaat et al., 2013; Kanne, Abbacchi, & Constantino, 2009; Simonoff et al., 2008; Yerys et al., 2009).”
BackgroundComorbid psychiatric disorders in Arab children with Autism spectrum disorders
Amr, M., Raddad, D., El-Mehesh, F., Bakr, A., Sallam, K., & Amin, T. T. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.005 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Distinct Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Han, Y. M. Y., Cheung, W. K., Wong, C. K., Sze, S. L., Cheng, T. W. S., Yeung, M. K.-C., & Chan, A. S.-Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00011 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Goldin, R. L., Matson, J. L., Tureck, K., Cervantes, P. E., & Jang, J. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.04.022 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
RetractedKurzius‐Spencer, M., Pettygrove, S. D., Christensen, D., Pedersen, A. L., Cunniff, C. M., Meaney, F. J., Soke, G. N., Harrington, R. A., Durkin, M. S., & Rice, S. A. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.09.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Identifying comorbid ADHD in autism: Attending to the inattentive presentation
Rau, S., Skapek, M. F., Tiplady, K., Seese, S., Burns, A., Armour, A., & Kenworthy, L. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101468 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationYou, X., Norr, M. E., Murphy, E. R., Kuschner, E. S., Bal, E., Gaillard, W. D., Kenworthy, L. E., & Vaidya, C. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00482 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationLukito, S., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A. R., Baird, G., Happe, F. G. E., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E. A. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0177-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; ADOS-G: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic; AIC: Akaike information criterion; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; AT: Animated triangle task; BIC: Bayesian information criterion; CAPA: Child and Adolescent Psychiatric A…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVisser, J. C., Rommelse, N., Vink, L., Schrieken, M., Oosterling, I. J., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1678-6 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“2008) and contribute to the phenotypic expression of ASD (Georgiades et al. 2011; Hoekstra et al. 2010; Leyfer et al. 2006; Matson et al. 2011; Matson et al. 2010; Reiersen et al. 2008; Ronald et al. 2010a; Yerys et al. 2009).”
BackgroundYerys, B. E., Tunç, B., Satterthwaite, T. D., Antezana, L., Mosner, M. G., Bertollo, J. R., Guy, L., Schultz, R. T., & Herrington, J. D. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.12.012 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“There may be some concern that using the calibration severity score from the ADOS may not be an ideal symptom measure for correlations due to its ordinal, non-continuous nature; however, recent efforts have shown that other dimensional measures like the Social Responsiveness Scale are sensitive to ADHD symptoms in bot…”
Self-citationExecutive functions in youths with autism spectrum disorder and their unaffected siblings
Seng, G., Tseng, W., Chiu, Y., Tsai, W., Wu, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001075 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Much ado about norming: The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
Roth, R. M., Erdődi, L. A., McCulloch, L. J., & Isquith, P. Κ. (2014) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.897318 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Impact of the Comorbidity of ASD and ADHD on Social Impairment
Harkins, C. M., Handen, B. L., & Mazurek, M. O. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05150-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ichikawa, H., Kitazono, J., Nagata, K., Akira, M., Shimamura, K., Sakuta, R., Okada, M., Yamaguchi, M. K., Kanazawa, S., & Kakigi, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00480 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…interests, and repetitive behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), there is a large overlap of symptoms in ADHD and ASD patients such as hyperactivity, restlessness, and impairments in social cognitive abilities (Yerys et al., 2009; Taurines et al., 2012; van der Meer et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAbnormal behaviours relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders in Kirrel3-knockout mice
Hisaoka, T., Komori, T., Kitamura, T., & Morikawa, Y. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19844-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Specificity of Inhibitory Impairments in Autism and Their Relation to ADHD-Type Symptoms
Sanderson, C., & Allen, M. L. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1650-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Patra, S., Nebhinani, N., Viswanathan, A., & Kirubakaran, R. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2059 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Co-morbid ADHD often results in lower cognitive, adaptive, and social functioning [Rao & Landa, 2014; Yerys et al., 2009].”
BackgroundYerys, B. E., Bertollo, J. R., Pandey, J., Guy, L., & Schultz, R. T. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.08.017 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment and Treatment of Executive Function Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wallace, G. L., Yerys, B. E., Peng, C. S., Dlugi, E., Anthony, L. G., & Kenworthy, L. E. (2016) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2016.07.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, Y. V., Capistrano, C. G., & Palm, B. E. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035420 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder
Kofler, M. J., Soto, E. F., Singh, L. J., Harmon, S. L., Jaisle, E. M., Smith, J. N., Feeney, K. E., & Musser, E. D. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00350-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Impairments on tests intended to measure working memory remained notable among youths with ASD when controlling for symptoms of ADHD 63 and among individuals without co-occurring ADHD 64,65 .”
InfluentialInattention and hyperactivity in association with autism spectrum disorders in the CHARGE study
Lyall, K., Schweitzer, J. B., Schmidt, R. J., Hertz-Picciotto, I., & Solomon, M. (2017) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.11.011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Though not statistically significant for all subscales, higher overall ADHD symptoms corresponded to poorer adaptive functioning, and cognitive abilities, a finding also previously reported for older children (Yerys et al. 2009).”
ResultInhibitory Control in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Meta-analyses on Indirect and Direct Measures
Tonizzi, I., Giofrè, D., & Usai, M. C. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05353-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yerys, B. E., Wallace, G. L., Sokoloff, J. L., Shook, D. A., James, J. D., & Kenworthy, L.
- Affiliations
- Children's National (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Georgetown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yerys, Benjamin E.
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 322-333
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- PMC
- PMC3012375
- OpenAlex
- W2023794469
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54MH066417)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR013297)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD046388, U54HD061221, P30HD040677)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, comorbidities, executive function, working memory, response inhibition, adaptive behavior, maladaptive behavior, autistic traits, externalizing problems, children
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Social Adjustment, Comorbidity, Asperger Syndrome, Executive Function
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