Cited by 1,847Family and Disability Support ResearchAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding Issues

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The Impact of Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing the Experience of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Hayes, Stephanie A., Watson, Shelley L.·2013·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

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Abstract

Researchers commonly report that families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience more parenting stress than families of typically developing (TD) children or those diagnosed with other disabilities [e.g., Down syndrome (DS), cerebral palsy, intellectual disability]. The authors reexamined the research using comparison groups to investigate parenting stress and conducted a meta-analysis to pool results across studies. The experience of stress in families of children with ASD versus families of TD children resulted in a large effect size. Comparisons between families of children of ASD and families with other disabilities also generated a large effect size however, this result should be interpreted with caution as it may be associated with the specific experience of parenting a child with DS.

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BackgroundResult
Parental Quality of Life and Impact of Multidisciplinary Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Qualitative Study
Fante, C., Picione, R. D. L., Dioni, B., Manari, T., Raffin, C., Capelli, F., Franceschini, C., Lenzo, V., & Musetti, A. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06225-x · Cited by 19
“…a member diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and find that it frequently negatively affects siblings (Corsano et al., 2017; Guidotti et al., 2021) and parents (Baghdadli et al., 2014; Hayes & Watson, 2013; Pozo et al., 2014), especially their quality of life (QoL) (Cappe et al., 2011).”
Executive Functioning Profiles in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Parent–Child Outcomes
Pardo‐Salamanca, A., Paoletti, D., Cerezuela, G. P., STASIO, S. D., & Berenguer, C. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11080909 · Cited by 28
“Raising a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder such as ASD or ADHD, and executive function deficits can be challenging and is considered a risk factor for parental stress [18].”
Background
A pilot study of social inclusion and quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
Due, C., Goodwin‐Smith, I., Allen, P., Button, E., Cheek, C., Quarmby, L., Stephens, M., Paku, S., Ferguson, S. E., & Fordyce, K. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2017.1310812 · Cited by 18
“…these parents experience elevated risk of stress and anxiety when compared to parents of typically developing children (Davis & Carter, 2008; Glasberg, Martins, & Harris, 2007; Gray, 2006; Hayes & Watson, 2013; Kuhn & Carter, 2006; Tehee, Honan, & Hevey, 2009; Zablotsky, Anderson, & Law, 2013).”
Parent Stress in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Atomoxetine and Parent Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lecavalier, L., Pan, X. J., Smith, T. H., Handen, B. L., Arnold, L. E., Silverman, L. B., Tumuluru, R. V., Hollway, J. A., & Aman, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3345-4 · Cited by 18
“Parents of children with ASD report high levels of stress (Karst and Van Hecke 2012; Hayes and Watson 2013).”
Parenting Stress of Mothers in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Culture in Indonesia
Daulay, N. (2018) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v3i5.2349 · Cited by 16
“Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability 1997;22:19–28. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/ 13668259700033261 [4] Hayes SA, Watson SL.”
BackgroundInfluential
Parent Empowerment: Respecting Their Voices
Hsiao, Y., Higgins, K., & Diamond, L. L. (2018) · Teaching Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0040059918790240 · Cited by 21
Salud mental e intervenciones para padres de niños con trastorno del espectro autista: una revisión narrativa y la relevancia de esta temática en Chile
Suárez, M. P. F., & Soto, A. E. E. (2019) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.201902.011 · Cited by 16
STRES PADA ORANG TUA YANG MEMILIKI ANAK DENGAN GANGGUAN SPEKTRUM AUTISME
Putri, A. M., Pramesti, W., & Hapsari, R. D. (2019) · Jurnal Psikologi Malahayati · doi:10.33024/jpm.v1i1.1408 · Cited by 27
The Family Adjustment Measure: Identifying Stress in Parents of Youth with Autism
McKee, S. L., Liu, X., Truong, D. M., Meinert, A. C., Daire, A. P., & Mire, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01569-4 · Cited by 21
Quality of Life in School-Aged Youth Referred to an Autism Specialty Clinic: A Latent Profile Analysis
Azad, G. F., Dillon, E. F., Feuerstein, J. L., Kalb, L. G., Neely, J., & Landa, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04353-x · Cited by 16
“Our finding is consistent with the accumulating research showing high levels of parenting stress in families of children with ASD (Hayes and Watson 2013).”
Result
Stress is Associated with Adiposity in Parents of Young Children
Hruska, V., Ambrose, T., Darlington, G., David, W. L., Haines, J., Buchholz, A. C., & Study, O. B. O. T. G. F. H. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22710 · Cited by 16
“Whereas a substantial proportion of the Canadian population experiences daily stress, parents of young children may be at special risk for high levels of stress because of the many competing demands on parents’ time (11), as well as the potential stress of adjusting to their role as parents (12).”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Obesity Among Young Children with Neurodevelopmental Delays
Mehari, K. R., Iyengar, S., Berg, K., Gonzales, J., & Bennett, A. E. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-02940-4 · Cited by 13
Restricted Eating in Preschoolers with Autism: Mother Stressors and Solutions
Burkett, K., Haggard, M.-L., Rafelghem, D. V., & Harpster, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05078-6 · Cited by 16
Maternal and child factors associated with the health-promoting behaviours of mothers of children with a developmental disability
Bourke‐Taylor, H. M., Joyce, K. S., Morgan, P. E., Reddihough, D. S., & Tirlea, L. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104069 · Cited by 16
Unheard voices: the views of traveller and non-traveller mothers and children with ASD
Gray, C., & Donnelly, J. (2013) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2013.842160 · Cited by 19
“Parents of young children with ASD report significantly higher levels of stress, depression and ill health than parents of typically developing children or children with other forms of disability (for discussion see Davis and Carter 2008; Hayes and Watson 2013).”
Background
Complexity: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experiences of mothers of deaf children with cochlear implants and autism
Zaidman‐Zait, A., & Curle, D. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316646171 · Cited by 16
“Second, caring for a child with either a CI or ASD is highly stressful (Hayes and Watson, 2013; ZaidmanZait and Most, 2005).”
Background
Service Access to Reduce Parenting Stress in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Desmarais, K., Barker, E. T., & Gouin, J. (2018) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0140-7 · Cited by 22
Parenting adolescents with ASD: A multimethod study
van Esch, L., Vanmarcke, S., Ceulemans, E., Leeuwen, K. G. V., & Noens, I. L. J. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1956 · Cited by 16
“As reported repeatedly in previous research (see Hayes & Watson, 2013, for meta-analysis on this topic), mothers in our ASD sample experienced more parenting stress than mothers in the GPC group.”
Result
Barriers and facilitators to engaging individuals and families with autism spectrum disorder in mindfulness and acceptance-based therapies: a meta-synthesis.
Hartley, M., Due, C., & Dorstyn, D. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1921859 · Cited by 15
Self-efficacy as a mediator between involvement in intervention and quality of life in parents of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Fante, C., Zagaria, A., Dioni, B., Raffin, C., Capelli, F., Manari, T., Lenzo, V., Picione, R. D. L., & Musetti, A. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102351 · Cited by 15
Fostering Resilience among Couples Coparenting a Young Child with Autism: An Evaluation of Together We Are Stronger
Mendez, L. M. R., Berkman, K. A., Lam, G. Y. H., & Dawkins, C. (2019) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2019.1624225 · Cited by 15
Effect of Children’s Autism Spectrum Disorder Severity on Family Strain and Sleep Quality: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey in the U.S.
Durán-Pacheco, G., Silkey, M., Johnson, M., Liu, C., Clinch, S. P., Law, K., & Loss, G. J. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05457-7 · Cited by 16
Effectiveness of a Parent Training Programme for Parents of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Aiming to Improve Daily Living Skills
Matsumura, N., Fujino, H., Yamamoto, T., Tanida, Y., Ishii, A., Tatsumi, A., Nakanishi, M., Tachibana, M., Mohri, I., & Okuno, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042363 · Cited by 15
“Parents of children with ASD experience higher stress in parenting than parents of typically developing children [11,12].”
Background
Posttraumatic growth: the role of perceptions, coping and depressive symptoms among mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Greece
Τσιόκα, Ε., Zacharia, D., Soulis, S., Mantas, C., Petrikis, P., Koullourou, I., Hyphantis, T. N., & Kotsis, K. T. (2022) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2022.2151693 · Cited by 18
“Parents of children with ASD cope with numerous stressors and research suggests that experiencing high parenting stress can lead to greater risk for psychological distress (Hayes and Watson 2013).”
Parenting in context: parents’ experiences of caring for a child with autism in Bangladesh
Uddin, M. J., & Ashrafun, L. (2023) · International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology · doi:10.1186/s41257-023-00089-w · Cited by 21
Supporting Behavior Analysts in Providing Compassionate Care: The Development of the Parent Partnership Questionnaire (PPQ)
Marchese, N. V., & Weiss, M. J. (2023) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-023-00827-8 · Cited by 15
Efficacy and Implementation of Stress-Reduction Interventions for Underserved Families of Autistic Preschoolers Across In-Person and Virtual Modalities
Fenning, R. M., Neece, C. L., Sanner, C. M., & Morrell, H. E. R. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02250-0 · Cited by 15
“…greater parenting stress than do parents of children with neurotypical development and parents of children with other intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and chronic conditions (e.g., Barroso et al., 2018; Estes et al., 2009; Dabrowska & Pisula, 2010; see also Hayes & Watson, 2013).”
Parental anxiety and depression are associated with adverse mental health in children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic
Gruszka, P., Ganahl, K., Stasch, N., Burger, C., Haberlandt, E., & Bauer, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1254277 · Cited by 15
Navigating the Transition to Adulthood: Insights from Caregivers of Autistic Individuals
Wolpe, S., Johnson, A. R., & Kim, S. W. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06196-z · Cited by 15
A Longitudinal Analysis of Mothers’ Parenting Stress and Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior of Young Children on the Autism Spectrum
Paynter, J. M., Heng, V., Tucker, M. N., & Malone, S. A. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06362-x · Cited by 17
“Parents of children on the autism spectrum 1 report higher levels of parenting stress than other parent groups (Barroso et al., 2018; Hayes & Watson, 2013).”
Role of Pediatricians in Fostering Resilience in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Zand, D. H., Braddock, B. A., Baig, W., Deasy, J., & Maxim, R. A. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.06.074 · Cited by 15
Parent Perspectives of Applying Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Strategies to Special Education
Burke, M. M., Chan, N., & Neece, C. L. (2017) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-55.3.167 · Cited by 15
Regulation between daily exhaustion and support in parenting: A dyadic perspective
Gillis, A., & Roskam, I. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025419868536 · Cited by 15
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Genetic Testing: Parents’ Attitudes-Data from Turkish Sample
Ayhan, A. B., Beyazıt, U., Topuz, Ş., Tunay, Ç. Z., Abbas, M. N., & Yılmaz, S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04798-5 · Cited by 16
Coparenting a Child on the Autism Spectrum: a Systematic Review and Call for Research
Downes, N., & Cappe, É. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01884-1 · Cited by 15

Authors: Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Laurentian University (CA)
Corresponding author: Hayes, Stephanie A.
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-07-13
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Pages: 629-642
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y
OpenAlex: W2069698478
Cited by: 1,847
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 164 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 185 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 145 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 15
FWCI: 5.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords: parental stress, autism spectrum disorder, typically developing children, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, family stress, comparison groups, effect size
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Humans, Parents, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Parenting

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The Impact of Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing the Experience of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

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