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The Impact of Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing the Experience of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Hayes, Stephanie A., Watson, Shelley L.·2013·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

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Abstract

Researchers commonly report that families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience more parenting stress than families of typically developing (TD) children or those diagnosed with other disabilities [e.g., Down syndrome (DS), cerebral palsy, intellectual disability]. The authors reexamined the research using comparison groups to investigate parenting stress and conducted a meta-analysis to pool results across studies. The experience of stress in families of children with ASD versus families of TD children resulted in a large effect size. Comparisons between families of children of ASD and families with other disabilities also generated a large effect size however, this result should be interpreted with caution as it may be associated with the specific experience of parenting a child with DS.

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“Evidence highlights that in these families, parental distress is higher compared to parents of children born without any developmental disorder [2,3], or even those with other developmental disorders [4–7].”
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“Symptoms are present from early childhood and limit or impair not only everyday functioning [1], but also hamper family quality of life [3, 4].”
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“Despite these positive experiences, substantial research evidence indicates that raising a child with ASD can impose a severe burden on parents (Almansour et al., 2013; BakerEriczén, Brookman-Frazee, & Stahmer, 2005; Hayes & Watson, 2013).”
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“As predicted, and consistent with some of the previous research (e.g., Hayes & Watson, 2013), fathers reported elevated levels of psychological distress (stress and depression symptoms).”
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“It has been found that parents of children with ID generally have higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress than parents of typically developing children (Olsson and Hwang, 2002; Eisenhower et al., 2005; Oelofsen and Richardson, 2006; Singer, 2006; Baker et al., 2010; Hayes and Watson, 2013).”
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“This is by no means to minimise the often significant levels of stress and exhaustion experienced by families where children’s needs are high and levels of support generally low, especially in relation to children with autism (see Hayes and Watson 2013).”
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“Parents of students with ASD (versus other types of disabilities) experience significantly more stress (Hayes and Watson 2013).”
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“A meta-analysis conducted by Hayes and Watson [15] supports the claim that caregivers of children with ASD do experience a true difference in the amount of stress compared to other family compositions.”
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“These types of challenges may contribute to overall stress for family members of children with ASD, as multiple studies have found increased stress (Hayes and Watson, 2013) and depression (Ingersoll et al.”
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“A recent meta-analysis (Hayes and Watson 2015) found that core deficits of ASD (i.e., social-communication impairments and RRBs) contributed to caregiver stress above other variables (such as developmental functioning); however, very few studies have explored the longitudinal contributions of child…”
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“These child-related challenges are associated with increased levels of parenting stress (e.g., Hayes and Watson 2013), symptoms of psychopathology (e.g., Kuusikko-Gauffun et al. 2013), and poor physiological health (e.g., Dykens and Lambert 2013) in parents of children with ASD.”
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“Notably, these findings are consistent with earlier studies showing that child autism might increase the caregiving stress in parents of children with ASD (Hayes and Watson 2013), and that parenting a child with ASD might have detrimental effects on psychological wellness (Neff and Faso 2015; Padden and James 2017).”
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“P A A uthor M anuscript children and children with Down Syndrome (Hayes & Watson, 2013).”
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“…and/or depression than mothers of children with other neurodevelopmental or intellectual disabilities or typically developing peers (Donovan, 1988; Hayes & Watson, 2013; Holroyd & McArthur, 1976; G. King, Zwaigenbaum, Bates, Baxter, & Rosenbaum, 2012; G. A. King et al., 2006; Olsson & Hwang,…”
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“Family environments that include a child with ASD are often characterised by higher than typical levels of parental stress (for a review, see Hayes & Watson, 2013).”
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Post-Traumatic Stress Reactions in Caregivers of Children and Adolescents/Young Adults with Severe Diseases: A Systematic Review of Risk and Protective Factors
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Authors: Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Laurentian University (CA)
Corresponding author: Hayes, Stephanie A.
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-07-13
Volume: 43
Issue: 3
Pages: 629-642
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y
OpenAlex: W2069698478
Cited by: 1,847
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 164 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 185 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 145 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 15
FWCI: 5.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Keywords: parental stress, autism spectrum disorder, typically developing children, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, family stress, comparison groups, effect size
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Humans, Parents, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Parenting

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The Impact of Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing the Experience of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

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