The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Impact of Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing the Experience of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
Researchers commonly report that families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience more parenting stress than families of typically developing (TD) children or those diagnosed with other disabilities [e.g., Down syndrome (DS), cerebral palsy, intellectual disability]. The authors reexamined the research using comparison groups to investigate parenting stress and conducted a meta-analysis to pool results across studies. The experience of stress in families of children with ASD versus families of TD children resulted in a large effect size. Comparisons between families of children of ASD and families with other disabilities also generated a large effect size however, this result should be interpreted with caution as it may be associated with the specific experience of parenting a child with DS.
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“Parenting stress is particularly higher among parents of autistic children compared to caregivers of children with other neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g.language delay, intellectual disability) or non-autistic children (Craig et al., 2016;S. A. Hayes & Watson, 2013).”
From Mindfulness and parenting stress among parents of autistic children: The mediation of resilience and psychological flexibility (2025) · cites this paper as S. A. Hayes & Watson, 2013
In the citing paper
“Parents of children with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) experience more stress than parents of typically developing children.”
In the citing paper
“Hence, reducing parental stress can strengthen a family's functioning and balance, which in turn, moderates the effect of CB (40).”
In the citing paper
“which is consistent with many previous studies reporting that caregivers of children with ASD and/or IDD experience more parental stress compared to caregivers of typically developing children (40).”
In the citing paper
“It has been widely demonstrated that raising a child with autism involves chronic challenges consistently associated with high levels of psychological distress [3,4,5,6].”
In the citing paper
“Parenting a child with ASD is associated with increased parental stress (Hayes and Watson 2013)”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Development of the Coping with Uncertainty in Everyday Situations (CUES©) Programme. (2017) · cites this paper as Hayes and Watson 2013
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, S. O. D. A. B. P., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., et al. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3447 · Cited by 1,798
Experiences of autism diagnosis: A survey of over 1000 parents in the United Kingdom
Crane, L., Chester, J. W., Goddard, L., Henry, L. A., & Hill, E. L. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315573636 · Cited by 593
“Parenting a child with an ASD can be a highly stressful experience that may increase a parent’s vulnerability to depression and anxiety (Hayes and Watson, 2013).”
BackgroundParenting Stress through the Lens of Different Clinical Groups: a Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis
Lorenzo, N. E., Mendez, L., Graziano, P. A., & Bagner, D. M. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0313-6 · Cited by 551
“Additionally, levels of parenting stress are reportedly higher among parents of children at risk for behavior problems, including those with autism and developmental delay (ASD/DD; Hayes and Watson 2013), chronic illnesses (Cousino and Hazen 2013; Golfenshtein et al.”
BackgroundBearss, K., Johnson, C., Smith, T., Lecavalier, L., Swiezy, N., Aman, M., McAdam, D. B., Butter, E., Stillitano, C., Minshawi, N., et al. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.3150 · Cited by 454
Scherer, N., Verhey, I., & Kuper, H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219888 · Cited by 486
Stress and Parents of Children with Autism: A Review of Literature
Bonis, S. (2016) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1116030 · Cited by 404
“…& Pisula, 2010), other disabilities (Dunn et al., 2001; Reed & Osborne, 2013), and typically functioning children (Baker-Ericzen, Brookman-Frazee, & Stahmer, 2005; Dabrowska & Pisula, 2010; Hayes & Watson, 2012; Montes & Halterman, 2007; Pisula & Kossakowska, 2010; Zablotsky et al., 2013).”
Reducing distress in mothers of children with autism and other disabilities: a randomized trial
Dykens, E. M., Fisher, M. H., Taylor, J. L., Lambert, W., & Miodrag, N. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3164 · Cited by 355
Neece, C., McIntyre, L. L., & Fenning, R. (2020) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12769 · Cited by 344
Parenting stress among parents of children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Craig, F., Operto, F. F., De Giacomo, A., Margari, L., Frolli, A., Conson, M., Ivagnes, S., Monaco, M., & Margari, F. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.016 · Cited by 326
“There is considerable understanding that parents of children with developmental disabilities experience increased levels of stress, often related to the severity of their child's behavior (Feizi et al., 2014; Hayes and Watson, 2013; Huang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundYorke, I., White, P., Weston, A., Rafla, M., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3605-y · Cited by 327
“2009; Hayes and Watson 2013).”
Coping and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Lai, W. W., Goh, T. J., Oei, T. P. S., & Sung, M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2430-9 · Cited by 314
“While it may then be expected that parents of children with ASD adapt well to parenting stress, past studies have also consistently reported elevated stress symptoms in these parents (Hayes and Watson 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialIngersoll, B. R., Wainer, A., Berger, N. I., Pickard, K. E., & Bonter, N. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2755-z · Cited by 307
“This finding is important as parents of children with ASD often experience lower selfefficacy and higher stress than other parents (Hayes and Watson 2013), and both are related to parent well-being (Carter 2009; Karst and Hecke 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism
Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0359-2 · Cited by 291
“A recent meta-analysis found that parents of autistic children also had higher levels of parenting stress compared to others, with large effect sizes indicated (Hayes and Watson 2013).”
BackgroundMcStay, R. L., Trembath, D. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2178-7 · Cited by 348
“…(ASD) have been found to experience higher levels of stress than parents raising children without ASD (e.g., Baker-Ericzen et al. 2005; Blacher and McIntyre 2006; Brobst et al. 2009; Dabrowska and Pisula 2010; Eisenhower et al. 2005; Estes et al. 2009; Hartley et al. 2012; Hayes and Watson 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialWoodman, A. C., Mawdsley, H. P., & Hauser‐Cram, P. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.011 · Cited by 315
Clinical impact of early diagnosis of autism on the prognosis and parent-child relationships
Elder, J. H., Kreider, C. M., Brasher, S. N., & Ansell, M. (2017) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s117499 · Cited by 307
“Service providers must recognize this potential danger, and direct families to credible information sources while correcting inaccurate information and “myths” of a cure.(26,80)”
Parent, child, and situational factors associated with parenting stress: a systematic review
Fang, Y., Luo, J., Boele, M., Windhorst, D., van Grieken, A., & Raat, H. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02027-1 · Cited by 264
“Children’s psychosocial problems, externalizing and internalizing problems are frequently associated with parenting stress in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies [14, 48].”
BackgroundMiranda, A., Mira, Á., Berenguer, C., Rosello, B., & Baixauli, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00464 · Cited by 302
“Finally, a multiple mediation analysis was performed using the PROCESS program of mediation, moderation, and conditional analysis (Hayes, 2013), in order to examine the possible mediation of Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 6 March 2019 | Volume 10 | Article 464 the variables that…”
MethodIlias, K., Cornish, K. M., Kummar, A. S., Park, M. S., & Golden, K. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00280 · Cited by 324
“The majority of studies that have investigated parenting stress in parents of children with ASD are conducted in Western or European contexts (e.g., Hayes and Watson, 2013; Ooi et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialParenting and Child Development: A Relational Health Perspective
Frosch, C. A., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & O’Banion, D. (2019) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827619849028 · Cited by 286
“The child’s condition may translate into added health care costs and increased stress for parents along with decreased access to social support and leisure activities within the community.(118,119) For example, a systematic review of parenting stress in the face of chronic child illness indicated that among parents wh…”
BackgroundPisula, E., & Porębowicz-Dörsmann, A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186536 · Cited by 285
the Pathways in ASD Study Team, Zaidman‐Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Szatmári, P., Georgiades, S., Volden, J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Vaillancourt, T., Bryson, S. E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2064-3 · Cited by 252
“In a recent meta-analysis of 10 studies, Hayes and Watson (2013) found that families of children Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2064-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.”
BackgroundInfluentialMasefield, S. C., Prady, S. L., Sheldon, T., Small, N., Jarvis, S. W., & Pickett, K. E. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-02896-5 · Cited by 232
Schnabel, A., Youssef, G. J., Hallford, D. J., Hartley, E., McGillivray, J., Stewart, M., Forbes, D., & Austin, D. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319844636 · Cited by 252
Picardi, A., Gigantesco, A., Tarolla, E., Stoppioni, V., Cerbo, R., Cremonte, M., Alessandri, G., Lega, I., & Nardocci, F. (2018) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901814010143 · Cited by 249
Padden, C., & James, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-017-9547-z · Cited by 222
“Previous research has consistently reported higher levels of parenting stress among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) than parents of typically developing children and children with other disabilities (Hayes and Watson 2013).”
ResultAlhuzimi, T. E. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103822 · Cited by 233
Hutchison, L. A., Feder, M. A., Abar, B. W., & Winsler, A. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0518-2 · Cited by 264
“…VA, USA found that parents experience particularly high levels of stress when the child’s disability is one involving severe deficits in EF, such as with ADHD or ASD, as opposed to other disabilities, such as Down syndrome or intellectual disability (Hayes and Watson 2013; Wiener et al. 2016).”
BackgroundNuske, H. J., Hassrick, E. M., Bronstein, B., Hauptman, L., Aponte, C. A., Levato, L., Stahmer, A. C., Mandell, D. S., Mundy, P., Kasari, C. L., et al. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318754529 · Cited by 243
Zaidman‐Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Duku, E., Vaillancourt, T., Smith, I. M., Szatmári, P., Bryson, S. E., Fombonne, E. J., Volden, J., Waddell, C., et al. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316633033 · Cited by 227
“In a recent meta-analysis, Hayes and Watson (2013) reported significantly higher”
BackgroundPapadopoulos, D. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11030309 · Cited by 285
“The literature indicates that caregivers of children with ASD often experience impaired mental health, including anxiety and depression [11,12], a poorer quality of life and wellbeing, and higher levels of stress as compared to caregivers of typically developing children [13], and caregivers of children with other chi…”
BackgroundPerceptions of Families of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID-19 Crisis
Manning, J. H., Billian, J., Matson, J., Allen, C., & Soares, N. S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04760-5 · Cited by 229
Respite Care, Marital Quality, and Stress in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Harper, A., Dyches, T. T., Harper, J., Roper, S. O., & South, M. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1812-0 · Cited by 200
“…a child with ASD has been reported to be more difficult than parenting a child with a different type of disability such as Down syndrome, ADD/ADHD, or parenting a child with no disability (Brobst et al. 2009; Dabrowska and Pisula 2010; Hayes and Watson 2013; Lee et al. 2008; Meadan et al. 2010).”
Giovagnoli, G., Postorino, V., Fatta, L. M., Sanges, V., De Peppo, L., Vassena, L., Rose, P. D., Vicari, S., & Mazzone, L. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.08.006 · Cited by 190
de Vries, M., & Geurts, H. M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2438-1 · Cited by 217
“Parents of children with ASD experience more parental stress than parents of TD children (Hayes and Watson 2013), and parental stress may have influenced the findings.”
BackgroundEvidence-Base Update for Parenting Stress Measures in Clinical Samples
Holly, L. E., Fenley, A. R., Kritikos, T. K., Merson, R. A., Abidin, R. R., & Langer, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1639515 · Cited by 199
Bearss, K. E., Burrell, T. L., Challa, S. A., Postorino, V., Gillespie, S. E., Crooks, C. L., & Scahill, L. D. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3363-2 · Cited by 202
Depression in Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Claims-Based Analysis
Cohrs, A. C., & LESLIE, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3063-y · Cited by 208
“For instance, parents of children with ASD have been found to have increased parenting stress (e.g., Estes et al. 2013; Hayes and Watson 2013; Lai et al. 2015; Yirmiya and Shaked 2005), as well as depression and anxiety symptoms (e.”
BackgroundTransactional Relations Between Parenting Stress and Child Autism Symptoms and Behavior Problems
Rodriguez, G., Hartley, S. L., & Bolt, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3845-x · Cited by 211
Catalano, D., Holloway, L., & Mpofu, E. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15020341 · Cited by 206
Coping strategies of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review
Vernhet, C., Dellapiazza, F., Blanc, N., Cousson-Gélie, F., Miot, S., Roeyers, H., & Baghdadli, A. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1183-3 · Cited by 175
“The number of studies published about the impact of ASD on parents has increased in the last two decades and there is now a consensus that parents with a child with ASD experience more stress than those of typical children [2-5].”
BackgroundMartin, C. A., Papadopoulos, N. V., Chellew, T., Rinehart, N., & Sciberras, E. (2019) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103463 · Cited by 191
Tarver, J., Palmer, M., Webb, S., Scott, S., Slonims, V., Simonoff, E., & Charman, T. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319830042 · Cited by 161
White, L. C., Law, K., Daniels, A. M., Toroney, J., Vernoia, B. M., Xiao, S., Feliciano, P., & Chung, W. K. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04816-6 · Cited by 160
Relating Stress of Mothers of Children With Developmental Disabilities to Family–School Partnerships
Burke, M. M., & Hodapp, R. M. (2014) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-52.1.13 · Cited by 160
“Other correlates of lower maternal stress included the presence of Down syndrome (Hodapp, 2007), the absence of autism (Hayes & Watson, 2013), and parents who were of minority backgrounds (Magaña, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialWong, C. C. Y., Mak, W. W. S., & Liao, K. Y. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0580-2 · Cited by 165
Stadnick, N. A., Stahmer, A. C., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2376-y · Cited by 169
“Specifically, study findings confirm previous literature that has documented the high parenting stress levels that caregivers of children with ASD experience (Baker-Ericzen et al. 2005; Hayes and Watson 2013; Osborne et al. 2008; Plienis et al. 1988; Robbins et al. 1991).”
ResultPTSD and autism spectrum disorder: Co-morbidity, gaps in research, and potential shared mechanisms.
Haruvi-Lamdan, N., Horesh, D., & Golan, O. (2017) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000298 · Cited by 166
“…PTSD symptoms following birth, because having a child with ASD is often associated with low social support and greater parenting-related stress (Hayes & Watson, 2013; Roberts et al., 2014), two factors that may increase the risk of developing PTSD following a traumatic event (Acierno et al.,…”
BackgroundCorbett, B. A., Swain, D. M., Coke, C., Simon, D. M., Newsom, C. R., Houchins‐Juarez, N. J., Jenson, A., Wang, L., & Song, Y. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1341 · Cited by 159
“It is well established that parents of children with ASD experience significant stress [Hayes & Watson, 2013].”
BackgroundRidderinkhof, A., de Bruin, E. I., Blom, R., & Bögels, S. M. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0815-x · Cited by 175
“Parents of children with ASD experience high levels of stress and consequently suffer from mental health problems (e.g., Hayes and Watson 2013; Van Steijn et al. 2014).”
BackgroundShivers, C. M., Jackson, J. B., & McGregor, C. M. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0269-2 · Cited by 144
Ren, J., Li, X., Chen, S., Chen, S., & Nie, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565393 · Cited by 148
“…developing children, more studies have confirmed that parents of special needs children have to bear more parenting stress, which is mainly due to the lack of professional support and the persistence of children’s problems among other reasons (Dabrowska and Pisula, 2010; Hayes and Watson, 2013).”
Backgroundvan Steijn, D. J., Oerlemans, A. M., van Aken, M. A. G., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1958-9 · Cited by 160
“That parents experienced more stress parenting affected than unaffected children is consistent with the findings of a recent metaanalysis (Hayes and Watson 2013), in which raising a child with ASD and/or ADHD was found to put a heavy burden on parents, and especially on mothers.”
InfluentialCoping in parents and caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): a review
Lai, W. W., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-014-0021-x · Cited by 139
“Parents and caregivers of children with ASD experience significant stress and challenges in caregiving (Hayes and Watson 2012).”
BackgroundEnea, V., & Rusu, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2020.1822962 · Cited by 160
Taylor, J. L., Hodapp, R. M., Burke, M. M., Waitz‐Kudla, S. N., & Rabideau, C. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2994-z · Cited by 132
“The appropriate modality of delivery might be even more important to discern among parents of individuals with ASD, who are likely to be experiencing high levels of stress (Hayes and Watson 2013) and might have fewer financial resources due to the costs of caring for a child with ASD (Cidav et al.”
Shorey, S., Ng, E. D., Haugan, G., & Law, E. C. N. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319886513 · Cited by 142
Bentenuto, A., Mazzoni, N., Giannotti, M., Venuti, P., & de Falco, S. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103840 · Cited by 148
Lu, M., Wang, G., Lei, H., Shi, M.-L., Zhu, R., & Jiang, F. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3448-y · Cited by 148
“Studies revealed that par‑ enting stress had deleterious effects on parents and children, and could influence the development of depression, anxiety, spousal relationship problems and child executive function‑ ing difficulties (Hayes and Watson 2013; Wang et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialCerezuela, G. P., Andrés, M. I. F., Mínguez, R. T., & Navarro-Peña, J. M. (2015) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357615583471 · Cited by 152
“It is the most widely used instrument to evaluate parental stress in parents of children with ASD (Hayes & Watson, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevelopment of the WHO Caregiver Skills Training Program for Developmental Disorders or Delays
Salomone, E., Pacione, L., Shire, S., Brown, F. L., Reichow, B., & Servili, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00769 · Cited by 124
“Caregivers of children with developmental disabilities experience higher stress and distress than parents of typically developing children (23, 24).”
BackgroundDaWalt, L. S., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3307-x · Cited by 129
“2016), and can result in high levels of stress for all members in the family (Bishop-Fitzpatrick et al. 2015; Hayes and Watson 2013; Orsmond and Seltzer 2009).”
BackgroundThe effects of early autism intervention on parents and family adaptive functioning
Estes, A. M., Swain, D. M., & MacDuffie, K. E. (2019) · Pediatric Medicine · doi:10.21037/pm.2019.05.05 · Cited by 152
“There is substantial evidence that parents of children with ASD experience higher stress than parents of children with typical development or developmental disabilities (13-20).”
BackgroundHsiao, Y., Higgins, K., Pierce, T., Whitby, P. J. S., & Tandy, R. D. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.08.013 · Cited by 142
“Especially, Hayes and Watson (2013) used a meta-analysis to compare the experience of stress in parents of children with or without ASD and indicated that parents of children with ASD have higher stress levels than parents of children with typical development and other disabilities.”
BackgroundInfluentialKuravackel, G. M., Ruble, L. A., Reese, R. J., Ables, A. P., Rodgers, A. D., & Toland, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3333-8 · Cited by 120
Lee, V., Albaum, C. S., Modica, P. T., Ahmad, F., Gorter, J. W., Khanlou, N., McMorris, C. A., Lai, J., Harrison, C., Hedley, T., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2616 · Cited by 127
“…children and adolescents can experience considerable mental health problems (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2018) including high rates of distress (Hayes & Watson, 2013; Weiss & Lunsky, 2011), depression and anxiety (Lee et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2019; Vasilopoulou & Nisbet, 2016), financial…”
BackgroundHeart Rate Variability, Sleep Quality, and Depression in the Context of Chronic Stress
da Estrela, C., McGrath, J., Booij, L., & Gouin, J.-P. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa039 · Cited by 118
“Although mothers of children with special needs report more depressive symptoms than mothers of typically developing children [66], prior research indicates that mothers of children with autism report more parenting stress than mothers of children with other developmental disabilities [67].”
Resultrs-fMRI and machine learning for ASD diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Santana, C. P., Carvalho, E., Rodrigues, I. D., Bastos, G. S., de Souza, A. D., & de Brito, L. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09821-6 · Cited by 137
Galpin, J., Barratt, P., Ashcroft, E., Greathead, S., Kenny, L., & Pellicano, E. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316687989 · Cited by 142
“It can also be stressful for a variety of reasons, with parents often reporting stress levels that exceed those among parents of typically developing children, or those with other developmental conditions (Craig et al., 2016; Dabrowska and Pisula, 2010; Estes et al., 2009; Hartley et al., 2012; Hayes and Watson, 2013).”
BackgroundGould, E. R., Tarbox, J., & Coyne, L. (2018) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.06.003 · Cited by 110
The inclusion of fathers in investigations of autistic spectrum disorders
Braunstein, V. L., Peniston, N., Perelman, A., & Cassano, M. C. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.03.005 · Cited by 129
Correlates of Feeding Difficulties Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Page, S. D., Souders, M. C., Kral, T. V. E., Chao, A. M., & Pinto-Martin, J. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04947-4 · Cited by 114
Foody, C., James, J. E., & Leader, G. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2263-y · Cited by 133
“…that parents of children with ASD experience higher levels of stress than both the general population and parents of children with other developmental disabilities (e.g., Duarte et al. 2005; Eisenhower et al. 2005; Estes et al. 2009; Hayes and Watson 2013; Hoffman et al. 2009; Rao and Beidel 2009).”
BackgroundBenson, P. R. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2079-9 · Cited by 124
“…(Deater-Deckard 2004), parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) consistently report experiencing significantly higher levels of stress than do parents of either typical developing children or children with non-ASD disorders (for a recent meta-analysis, see Hayes and Watson 2013).”
BackgroundCoping and care-related stress in parents of a child with autism spectrum disorder
Shepherd, D., Landon, J., Taylor, S., & Goedeke, S. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1442614 · Cited by 132
“Obeid and Daou (2015) reported the same pattern of results, albeit using the General Health Questionnaire rather than the Parenting Stress Index.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMental Health of Parents of Special Needs Children in China during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Chen, S.-Q., Chen, S.-D., Li, X.-K., & Ren, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249519 · Cited by 129
“Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder were more likely to have mental health problems compared to parents of children with an intellectual disability and a visual or hearing impairment, which is consistent with previous research [35,36].”
ResultCaregiving Experiences of Latino Families With Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Blanche, E. I., Díaz, J., Barretto, T. A., & Cermak, S. A. (2015) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2015.017848 · Cited by 120
“A large body of research has documented the caregiving difficulties associated with having a child with ASD in non-Latino families (Hayes & Watson, 2013; Karst & Van Hecke, 2012).”
Rodgers, J., Hodgson, A., Shields, K., Wright, C., Honey, E., & Freeston, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2924-0 · Cited by 103
“Parenting a child with ASD is associated with increased parental stress (Hayes and Watson 2013) and this is likely exacerbated if the child is also experiencing anxiety, we therefore also assessed the impact of the intervention on parent wellbeing.”
Wang, H., Hu, X., & Han, Z. R. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103791 · Cited by 126
Parenting stress in families with very low birth weight preterm infants in early infancy
Howe, T.-H., Sheu, C.-F., Wang, T.-N., & Hsu, Y.-W. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.02.015 · Cited by 103
Leblanc, L. A., Taylor, B. A., & Marchese, N. V. (2019) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-019-00368-z · Cited by 103
Eckes, T., Buhlmann, U., Holling, H., & Möllmann, A. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04412-1 · Cited by 102
“Parents of children with ASD experience greater stress than parents of typically developing children or children with other disabilities [38].”
BackgroundHartley, M., Dorstyn, D., & Due, C. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04145-3 · Cited by 99
“2011a, b), are prevalent issues for individuals with ASD, whereas stress and depression are more pertinent issues for caregivers (Demir et al. 2008; Hayes and Watson 2013; Neece 2014).”
BackgroundHickey, E., Hartley, S. L., & Papp, L. M. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12432 · Cited by 110
Stress in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Exploration of Demands and Resources
Krakovich, T. M., McGrew, J. H., Yu, Y., & Ruble, L. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2728-2 · Cited by 122
“Compared to parent caregivers of neurotypical children and of children with other disabilities, parent caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) report increased stress (e.g., Baker-Ericzén et al. 2005; Paynter et al. 2013; Sanders and Morgan 1997; Hayes and Watson 2013) and financial costs related to…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialShalev, R. A., Lavine, C., & Martino, A. D. (2019) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-018-9641-x · Cited by 112
Halstead, E. J., Ekas, N. V., Hastings, R. P., & Griffith, G. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3447-z · Cited by 113
“In addition, research has identified that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience higher stress levels than parents of children diagnosed with Down’s Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy, and Global Developmental Delay (e.g., Blacher and McIntyre 2006; Dabrowska and Pisula 2010; Hayes and Watson 2013).”
BackgroundThullen, M. J., & Bonsall, A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2988-x · Cited by 118
Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0675-9 · Cited by 106
Saini, M., Stoddart, K. P., Gibson, M. F., Morris, R., Barrett, D. E., Muskat, B., Nicholas, D. B., Rampton, G., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.06.014 · Cited by 114
Miodrag, N., Burke, M. M., Tanner‐Smith, E. E., & Hodapp, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12135 · Cited by 109
Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD
Miranda, A., Mínguez, R. T., Andrés, M. I. F., Diago, C. C., & Pastor, G. (2015) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402915585479 · Cited by 118
Leadbitter, K., Aldred, C. R., McConachie, H., Couteur, A. S. L., Kapadia, D., Charman, T., Macdonald, W., Salomone, E., Emsley, R., & Green, J. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3350-7 · Cited by 101
“Mental health constructs like parenting stress have been commonly utilised to tap parental wellbeing (e.g., Hayes and Watson 2013; Zaidman-Zait et al.”
BackgroundKiami, S. R., & Goodgold, S. (2017) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2017/8685950 · Cited by 95
“When compared with parents of both typically developing children and children with other disabilities, parents of children with ASD experience greater parenting stress, fatigue, and health problems [5].”
BackgroundSalomone, E., Leadbitter, K., Aldred, C. R., Barrett, B. M., Byford, S., Charman, T., Howlin, P., Green, J., Couteur, A. S. L., McConachie, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3392-x · Cited by 106
“Among parents of children with autism, higher rates of mental health problems and stress are reported compared to parents of children with other developmental or physical disabilities (Olsson and Hwang 2001; Cohrs and Leslie 2017; Hayes and Watson 2013; Abbeduto et al.”
BackgroundLevin, A., & Scher, A. (2016) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12651 · Cited by 104
“Similar to previous findings, raising a child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder entails higher levels of parenting stress [3,6,39] and greater children’s sleep problems [11,14], compared to typically developing children.”
ResultParenting and Future Anxiety: The Impact of Having a Child with Developmental Disabilities
Bujnowska, A. M., Rodríguez, C., García, T., Areces, D., & Marsh, N. V. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16040668 · Cited by 91
“Mothers of children with intellectual disabilities (ID) were significantly less happy [8], and parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder experienced higher levels of anxiety and stress [9,10] and also more parental stress than parents of children with TD or children with other clinical conditions such as Down…”
BackgroundKarst, J. S., Hecke, A. V. V., Carson, A. M., Stevens, S., Schohl, K. A., & Dolan, B. K. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2231-6 · Cited by 110
“Parents of children with ASD experience higher levels of parenting stress than parents of typically developing children (e.g., Duarte et al. 2005; Hayes and Watson 2012; Hoffman et al. 2009; Rao and Beidel 2009) as well as parents of children with other developmental disabilities (e.g., Estes et…”
Parenting stress in caregivers of young children with ASD concerns prior to a formal diagnosis
DesChamps, T. D., Ibañez, L. V., Edmunds, S. R., Dick, C. C., & Stone, W. L. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2213 · Cited by 98
Acceptance or Despair? Maternal Adjustment to Having a Child Diagnosed with Autism
Da Paz, N. S., Siegel, B., Coccia, M. A., & Epel, E. S. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3450-4 · Cited by 89
“Participants were also included if they met criteria for current major depressive disorder or were taking antidepressants, which can be common among caregivers of children with a disability (Hayes and Watson 2013).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Laurentian University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hayes, Stephanie A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2012-07-13
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 629-642
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2069698478
- Cited by
- 1,847
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 164 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 185 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 194 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 152 · 2018: 145 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 102 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 15
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- parental stress, autism spectrum disorder, typically developing children, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, family stress, comparison groups, effect size
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Humans, Parents, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Parenting
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