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Cortical Variability in the Sensory-Evoked Response in Autism
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Previous findings have shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) evince greater intra-individual variability (IIV) in their sensory-evoked fMRI responses compared to typical control participants. We explore the robustness of this finding with a new sample of high-functioning adults with autism. Participants were presented with visual, somatosensory and auditory stimuli in the scanner whilst they completed a one-back task. While ASD and control participants were statistically indistinguishable with respect to behavioral responses, the new ASD group exhibited greater IIV relative to controls. We also show that the IIV was equivalent across hemispheres and remained stable over the duration of the experiment. This suggests that greater cortical IIV may be a replicable characteristic of sensory systems in autism.
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“individuals with ASD exhibit increased inter-trial variability in visual evoked potentials (Haigh et al., 2014)”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Haigh et al., 2014
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Children with autism spectrum disorder have unstable neural responses to sound
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David, N., Schneider, T. R., Peiker, I., Al‐Jawahiri, R., Engel, A. K., & Milne, E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.031 · Cited by 67
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Variable sensory perception in autism
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Noel, J., Lakshminarasimhan, K. J., Park, H., & Angelaki, D. E. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2000216117 · Cited by 47
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Children with autism observe social interactions in an idiosyncratic manner
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Over‐Responsiveness and Greater Variability in Roughness Perception in Autism
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“As noted in the Introduction, we have previously reported that autistic individuals exhibit greater variability in sensory-evoked fMRI responses (across trials), but with no evidence for a difference in the mean responses amplitudes [Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2015].”
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“…Alderson, 2008; Rapport et al., 2009), higher neural variability and noise in Autism Spectrum disorder (Dakin & Frith, 2005; Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh, Heeger, Dinstein, Minshew, & Behrmann, 2015; Simmons et al., 2009) and more variable auditory responses to human speech syllables by poor…”
Haigh, S. M., Gupta, A., Barb, S. M., Glass, S. A. F., Minshew, N. J., Dinstein, I., Heeger, D. J., Eack, S. M., & Behrmann, M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.036 · Cited by 40
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“In addition, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have suggested that neural responses in ASD are unreliable and noisy (49, 50), which is consistent with our experimental results showing fl uctuating neural activity in homogeneous networks.”
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Cerebellar contribution to autism-relevant behaviors in fragile X syndrome models
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A Neuroanatomical Substrate Linking Perceptual Stability to Cognitive Rigidity in Autism
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“Neuroimaging studies identified larger signal variability in the visual, auditory, and somatosensory brain areas of individuals with ASD (Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2015), and the disruption of GABAergic inhibitory neuronal systems in their early visual cortex (Robertson et al.”
BackgroundEpigenetic tuning of brain signal entropy in emergent human social behavior
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Decreased amplitude and reliability of odor-evoked responses in two mouse models of autism
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“NEW & NOTEWORTHY The genetics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are complex.”
BackgroundInfluentialAutonomic and Electrophysiological Evidence for Reduced Auditory Habituation in Autism
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Trenado, C., González-Ramírez, A., Lizárraga-Cortés, V., Pedroarena‐Leal, N., Manjarrez, E., & Ruge, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00850 · Cited by 20
“Consistently, there is also a greater trial-by-trial variability in autism than in healthy controls (Milne, 2011; Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHyper-Sensitivity to Pitch and Poorer Prosody Processing in Adults With Autism: An ERP Study
Haigh, S. M., Brosseau, P., Eack, S. M., Leitman, D. I., Salisbury, D. F., & Behrmann, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.844830 · Cited by 20
“The greater TTV has been reported previously in auditory processing (30, 31) but also in the visual and somatosensory systems (30–32, 75).”
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“However, it implies that such effects are highly susceptible to random differences between study samples, especially with small sample sizes (Haigh et al., 2015).”
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Comparing different EEG connectivity methods in young males with ASD
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Visual search in neurodevelopmental disorders: evidence towards a continuum of impairment
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“Conversely, while excessive neural variability was found when participants with ASD were presented with visual, auditory or tactile stimuli [83], it was not present in this clinical group when studying ongoing neural fluctuations [88], suggesting that increased ISV in ASD is associated with specific evoked processes b…”
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Hecker, L., Wilson, M., van Elst, L. T., & Kornmeier, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17304-x · Cited by 16
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“2014), which may be related to larger trial-by-trial variability in sensory evoked fMRI responses (Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2014) in autism.”
BackgroundVisual working memory and sensory processing in autistic children
Stevenson, R. A., Ruppel, J., Sun, S. Z., Segers, M., Zapparoli, B. L., Bebko, J. M., Barense, M. D., & Ferber, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82777-1 · Cited by 20
“A 2 × 2 mixed-factor ANOVA (group x set size) revealed a significant main effect of set size with higher precision at a set size of two, relative to three, items (F(1,49) = 64.”
InfluentialAtypical neural variability in carriers of 16p11.2 copy number variants
Al‐Jawahiri, R., Jones, M., & Milne, E. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2166 · Cited by 13
Chen, F., Gao, J., Zhu, C., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Wang, A., Shi, B., Wang, K., & Yu, F. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.018 · Cited by 13
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“…linked to greater intra-individual variability in overt behavioral responses (Geurts et al., 2008; Van Belle et al., 2015), as well as brain responses measured by both EEG and fMRI (David et al., 2016; Dinstein et al., 2015; Haigh & Heeger, 2015; Lushchekina et al., 2016; van Noordt et al., 2017).”
BackgroundIncreased context adjustment is associated with auditory sensitivities but not with autistic traits
Randeniya, R., Mattingley, J. B., & Garrido, M. I. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2759 · Cited by 11
“Our findings support Butler et al. (2017) but are in contrast to previous studies that show greater trial-by-trial variability in evoked-responses in autism (Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2015; Milne, 2011).”
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Mocchi, M. M., Bartoli, E., Magnotti, J. F., de Gee, J. W., Metzger, B. A., Pascuzzi, B., Mathura, R. K., Pulapaka, S., Goodman, W. K., Sheth, S. A., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80911-3 · Cited by 9
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Assessing Trial-to-Trial Variability in Auditory ERPs in Autism and Schizophrenia
Haigh, S. M., Key, L. V., Brosseau, P., Eack, S. M., Leitman, D. I., Salisbury, D. F., & Behrmann, M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05771-0 · Cited by 9
“…deviance detection profiles between autism and schizophrenia, but that These findings are consistent with previous reports of hypo-sensitive auditory processing in schizophrenia (Umbricht & Krjles, 2005) and greater TTV in auditory processing in autism (Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultVisual Noise Effect on Contour Integration and Gaze Allocation in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mihaylova, M., Bocheva, N. B., Totev, T., & Staykova, S. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.623663 · Cited by 9
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“Several studies have reported high internal noise in ASD populations compared with control groups using brain-imaging techniques such as fMRI (Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2015), electroencephalography (Milne, 2011; Weinger et al.”
Murray, E. S. H., Segawa, J. A., Karahanoğlu, F. I., Tocci, C., Tourville, J. A., Nieto-Castañón, A., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., Manoach, D. S., & Guenther, F. H. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101955 · Cited by 7
“Other works examining neural variability during fMRI paradigms have evaluated trial-to-trial variability in sensory perception tasks by calculating signal-to-noise ratios (defined as response amplitude divided by response variability, Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2015).”
BackgroundExplorations and perspectives on the neurobiological bases of autism spectrum disorder
Foxe, J. J., Molholm, S., Baudouin, S. J., & Wallace, M. T. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13902 · Cited by 7
“…of Pittsburgh presents evidence both for and against what we call the ‘neural unreliability’ hypothesis, the notion that initial cortical sensory responses to repeated events are more variable across trials in ASD (Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2015, 2016; Butler et al., 2017; Haigh, 2018).”
BackgroundLate fMRI Response Components Are Altered in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Murray, S. O., Kolodny, T., Schallmo, M.-P., Gerdts, J., & Bernier, R. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00241 · Cited by 7
Trial‐to‐Trial Variability in Electrodermal Activity to Odor in Autism
Haigh, S. M., Endevelt–Shapira, Y., & Behrmann, M. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2377 · Cited by 8
“…size is relatively small (17 autism and 19 neurotypical), although previous studies of TTV have reported on findings with samples as small as 15 participants and have shown similarly consistent effects of group differences in variability [Dinstein et al., 2012; replicated by Haigh et al., 2014].”
MethodResultInfluentialPeople with autism perceive drastic illusory changes for repeated verbal stimuli
Itoi, C., Kato, N., & Kashino, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52329-9 · Cited by 5
Objective frequency analysis of transient visual evoked potentials in autistic children
Brittenham, C., Gordon, J., Zemon, V. M., & Siper, P. M. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2654 · Cited by 5
Investigating intra-individual variability of face scanning in autistic children
Wang, Q., Lu, H., Feng, S., Song, C., Hu, Y., & Yi, L. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211064373 · Cited by 5
“, 2014), and more variable neural responses to the same stimulus across visual, somatosensory, and auditory domains (Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2015).”
BackgroundThe Role of Functional MRI in Understanding the Origin of Speech Delay in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Klyuev, E. A., Sheyko, G. E., Dunaev, M. G., Абрамов, С. А., Дворянинова, В. В., Balandina, O. V., Karyakin, N. N., & Belova, A. N. (2019) · Современные технологии в медицине · doi:10.17691/stm2019.11.3.09 · Cited by 5
“One of the hypotheses concerning ASD pathogenesis is the hypothesis about the role of synaptic transmission deficit determined by genetic factors and resulting in anatomical impairment of the brain cortex microstructure and in the dysfunction of its neuronal networks [3, 4].”
BackgroundAsh, R. T., Palagina, G., Fernández-León, J. A., Park, J., Seilheimer, R. L., Lee, S., Sabharwal, J., Reyes, F., Wang, J., Lu, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0654-22.2022 · Cited by 5
Wertheimer, O., & Hart, Y. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01800-6 · Cited by 7
“At the neural level, studies provide insights into differences in brain activity 1,4,5,7,21–23 .”
Visual noise effect on reading in three developmental disorders: ASD, ADHD, and DD
Mihaylova, M., Bocheva, N. B., Stefanova, M., Genova, B., Totev, T., Racheva, K., Shtereva, K., & Staykova, S. N. (2022) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415221106119 · Cited by 3
Parsing evoked and induced gamma response differences in Autism: A visual evoked potential study
Dickinson, A. H., Ryan, D. P., MacNaughton, G. A., Levin, A. R., Naples, A. J., Borland, H., Bernier, R., Chawarska, K., Dawson, G., Dziura, J. D., et al. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.05.015 · Cited by 3
Goto, Y., & Kitajo, K. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012378 · Cited by 3
“…systems, the property of identical responses to the same time-varying input regardless of differences in the initial state of the system is called "consistency" and is widely investigated in various nonlinear systems, such as laser systems [24], the Lorenz model [25], and the human brain [26].”
Σεμελίδου, Ο., Gauvrit, T., Vandromme, C., Cornier, A., Saint-Jean, A., Feuvre, Y. L., Ginger, M. R., & Frick, A. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202519479 · Cited by 3
Bridging physiological and perceptual views of autism by means of sampling-based Bayesian inference
Echeveste, R., Ferrante, E., Milone, D. H., & Samengo, I. (2021) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00219 · Cited by 3
Probing a neural unreliability account of auditory sensory processing atypicalities in Rett Syndrome
Brima, T., Beker, S., Prinsloo, K. D., Butler, J. S., Djukic, A., Freedman, E. G., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2024) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-024-09544-x · Cited by 2
“For example, a number of researchers have proposed that the neural response in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be more variable, or unreliable, on a trial-to-trial basis [28, 29, 46] (but see [13, 19, 36]).”
BackgroundRuíz, T., Baldwin, A. S., Spiegel, D. P., Hess, R. F., & Farivar, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00767 · Cited by 2
“In the Autism Spectrum Disorder for example, noise has been measured via psychophysical methods (93) as in the present study, and operationalized as intraindividual variability in evoked EEG (94) and fMRI responses (95).”
MethodDisrupted neural adaptation in autism spectrum disorderPreprint
Millin, R., Kolodny, T., Flevaris, A. V., Kale, A. M., Schallmo, M., Gerdts, J. A., Bernier, R., & Murray, S. O. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/286880 · Cited by 2
Beker, S., Foxe, J. J., Venticinque, J., Bates, J. C., Ridgeway, E. M., Schaaf, R. C., & Molholm, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-240084/v1 · Cited by 2
Kar, K. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-363364/v1 · Cited by 2
How auditory processing influences the autistic profile - a reviewPreprint
Poulsen, R. E., Williams, Z. J., Dwyer, P. S. R., Pellicano, E., Sowman, P. F., & McAlpine, D. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a7kr5 · Cited by 2
Atypical and inflexible visual encoding in autism spectrum disorder
Isenstein, E. L., Park, W. J., & Tadin, D. (2021) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001293 · Cited by 1
“This finding is consistent with noisier, more variable sensory processing in ASD reported in both neuroimaging [7] and behavioral work [6] (but see [8]).”
ResultMultisensory integration in chaotic networks
Ponzi, A. P. D., & Suzuki, K. (2025) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2025.107766 · Cited by 1
Technology Use as a Support Tool by Secondary Students with Autism: A Mixed Methods Investigation
Hedges, S. H. (2016) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/1050-yy23 · Cited by 1
Kar, K. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436640 · Cited by 1
Probing a neural unreliability account of auditory sensory processing atypicalities in Rett SyndromePreprint
Brima, T., Beker, S., Prinsloo, K. D., Butler, J. S., Djukic, A., Freedman, E. G., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.24301723 · Cited by 1
Autism Sensory Profiles Predict Stimulus-Evoked Insula ConnectivityPreprint
Jacokes, Z., Beeler-Duden, S., Lawson, S., Eilbott, J. A., Dapretto, M., Kleinhans, N. M., McPartland, J. C., Jack, A., Wallace, G., Sukhodolsky, D. G., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.29.26352062 · Cited by 1
CURRICULUM VITAE AND LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Dinstein, N. I., Dinstein, I., Heeger, D. J., Behrmann, M., & Malach, R. (2015)
Test-Retest Reliability of Sensory Evoked Potentials in Low-Functioning Autism: A Case Report
Sung, K., Rozycka, M., Reich, D. B., O’Grady, J., Keller, K., & Gordon, B. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2020.1012033
Altered EEG Variability on Different Time Scales in Participants with Autism Spectrum DisorderPreprint
Hecker, L., Wilson, M., van Elst, L. T., & Kornmeier, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-880125/v1
Пептидная регуляция репаративных процессов в органах иммунной системы при ускоренном старении
Хавинсон, В. Х., Линькова, Н. С., Кветной, И. М., Полякова, В. О., Трофимов, А. В., Sevostyanova, N. N., & Абдулрагимов, Р. И. (2010) · Open Access Repository (Belgorod State National Research University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Haigh, S. M., Heeger, D. J., Dinstein, I., Minshew, N., & Behrmann, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- New York University (US)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haigh, Sarah M.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2014-10-19
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1176-1190
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC5201125
- OpenAlex
- W2038592273
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Eye Institute (P30EY013079)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD055748, HD 055748)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, within-person variability, sensory evoked potentials, high-functioning adults, hemispheric symmetry, visual stimuli, somatosensory stimuli, auditory stimuli, one-back task, neural response variability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Cerebral Cortex, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
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