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Cited by 133Global Maritime and Colonial HistoriesMaritime and Coastal ArchaeologyArchaeology and Historical Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 257 of the 262 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 74 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Archaeology of Trade in the Western Indian Ocean, 300 BC–AD 700

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Seland, Eivind Heldaas·2014·Journal of Archaeological Research
DOI 10.1007/s10814-014-9075-7
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Abstract

In the millennium after 300 BC, the western Indian Ocean emerged as a main hub of Old World exchange. Study of this commerce long depended on separate regional archaeologies and a handful of literary sources with Western/Roman bias. A recent surge in scholarly interest has led to a vast increase in data that has fostered a more balanced understanding of the commercial, human, and material aspects of ancient Indian Ocean trade. This review summarizes recent research on the topic and assesses its significance to wider scholarly debates on scale, organization, connectivity, agency, and social cohesion in ancient trade and exchange.

Overview

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TL;DR

This review synthesizes two decades of archaeological research on western Indian Ocean trade (c. 300 BC–AD 700), arguing that it was large-scale, long-lived, multicultural, and not merely Roman or “Indo-Roman” trade. It surveys regional evidence from South Asia, the Persian Gulf, South Arabia, Socotra, East Africa, and the Red Sea, and calls for integrating Indian Ocean data into wider archaeological debates on exchange.

Key findings

  • Recent work shows western Indian Ocean commerce was large-scale, long-lived, and extensive, involving subsistence goods as well as luxuries; older Mediterranean-centric labels such as “Indo-Roman trade” capture only a fraction of it.
  • Arikamedu’s occupation stretched at least from the second century BC to the 10th century AD; Rouletted Ware has been found at approximately 150 sites, including at least 11 outside South Asia; by 2008, 36 South Asian sites had yielded Roman/late Roman amphorae and Mesopotamian torpedo jars.
  • Key ports and nodes include Khor Rori (fourth century BC–fifth century AD), Qana (established first century AD, abandoned early seventh century), Berenike (12 written languages; 7.55 kg of black pepper), and the Hoq cave on Socotra (approximately 250 inscriptions in South Arabian, Indian Brahmi, Ethiopic Geʽez, and Greek, plus a Palmyrene Aramaic tablet dated AD 257–258).
  • Evidence points to multicultural and mobile communities: imported ceramics from Arabia, East Africa/Aksum, Mesopotamia, and India; Mediterranean-style ship timbers and fittings combined with Indian teak and cotton sails; and religion as a possible group marker, including a synagogue at Qana and temples/church at Berenike.

Methods

  • Narrative review and synthesis of research published over the previous 20 years, not new primary excavation or analysis.
  • Regional surveys cover South Asia, the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, South Arabia and Socotra, East Africa, and the Red Sea, with emphasis on the western Indian Ocean and the millennium after c. 300 BC.
  • Draws on archaeological material (ceramics, beads, ship remains, archaeobotany, epigraphy) and includes philology/history only when directly related to material evidence or discussed sites; assesses significance for debates on scale, organization, connectivity, agency, and social cohesion.

Limitations

  • The author states that coverage is limited to the western Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea), with Bay of Bengal and eastern Indian Ocean coverage intentionally limited; emphasis is on the millennium after c. 300 BC; and the work is a review of recent research rather than an analysis of underlying research questions.
  • The author notes that many major ports known from literary sources and many smaller maritime communities remain unidentified; the Arabian Red Sea coast and the African coast south of Egypt (except Adulis) are still virtually unknown; many known sites have been little more than registered; and wreck sites have not yielded identifiable ship remains.
  • The text makes evident that trade volume cannot be quantified, recovered imported pottery would fit within a single ancient vessel, ethnicity is difficult to infer archaeologically, some identifications are tentative, and early East African contact claims have been met with skepticism.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10814-014-9075-7

Cites

257 of 257 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Claims the paper makes

16 Sources not found · 16 Own interpretation · 10 Not checked yet · 8 No full text of the sources · 4 No basis given · 3 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured

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Show all 30 claims

  • It may state two separate claims as one. 21
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 13
29 of 29

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Southern Arabia was a main supplier of frankincense and myrrh.

    “The region was a main supplier of frankincense and myrrh.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The crops aloe, Dragon's blood, and frankincense on Socotra were commercially important in antiquity and were almost certainly exploited.

    “These crops were commercially important in antiquity and were almost certainly exploited.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All major ports taking part in Indian Ocean trade would also be home to a foreign diaspora.

    “it seems safe to assume that all major ports taking part in Indian Ocean trade also would be home to a foreign diaspora.”
3 of 3

Citations

Cites

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Metadata

Authors
Seland, E. H.
Affiliations
University of Bergen (NO)
Corresponding author
Seland, Eivind Heldaas
ORCID
Seland, Eivind Heldaas
Venue
Journal of Archaeological Research
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-04-02
Volume
22
Issue
4
Pages
367-402
ISSN
  • 1059-0161 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-7756
DOI
10.1007/s10814-014-9075-7
OpenAlex
W2170118542
Cited by
133
References
262
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
FWCI
182.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Archaeological Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Global Maritime and Colonial Histories
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Maritime and Coastal Archaeology
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Historical Studies
Keywords
Western Indian Ocean, ancient trade, maritime trade, trade networks, connectivity, agency, social cohesion, Roman sources, pre-Islamic trade

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