The DOI matches its Crossref record; 201 of the 206 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Fear-Avoidance Model of Musculoskeletal Pain: Current State of Scientific Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Research studies focusing on the fear-avoidance model have expanded considerably since the review by Vlaeyen and Linton (Vlaeyen J. W. S. & Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain, 85(3), 317--332). The fear-avoidance model is a cognitive-behavioral account that explains why a minority of acute low back pain sufferers develop a chronic pain problem. This paper reviews the current state of scientific evidence for the individual components of the model: pain severity, pain catastrophizing, attention to pain, escape/avoidance behavior, disability, disuse, and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, support for the contribution of pain-related fear in the inception of low back pain, the development of chronic low back pain from an acute episode, and the maintenance of enduring pain, will be highlighted. Finally, available evidence on recent clinical applications is provided, and unresolved issues that need further exploration are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychological interventions for chronic pain have a longstanding history of empirical support.26 Support for psychological approaches can be found in both systematic reviews18,29,33 and meta-analyses.22,45”
From A Comparative Meta-Analysis of Unidisciplinary Psychology and Interdisciplinary Treatment Outcomes Following Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Adults with Chronic Pain. (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Musculoskeletal (MSK) providers have addressed the mental factors that influence pain using three primary frameworks: the fear-avoidance model, pain neuroscience education and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (Archer et al., 2016;Chimenti et al., 2018;Leeuw et al., 2007;Moseley & Vlaeyen, 2015;Stearns et al., 2021).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Leeuw et al., 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These models identify key psychological constructs (yellow flags) such as pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, pain anxiety, depression, pain avoidance and low pain self-efficacy which are associated with poor long-term MSK health outcomes (Leeuw et al., 2007;Lentz et al., 2016;Martinez-Calderon et al., 2019;Stearns et al., 2021;Van Wyngaarden et al., 2019).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Leeuw et al., 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This fear can cause avoidance behaviors even in the absence of pain, creating a cycle of inactivity and disability, as described in the Fear-Avoidance Model.16, 17, 18”
From Role of Anxiety in Individuals with Generalized Joint Hypermobility: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to the influential fear-avoidance model of chronic pain (Leeuw et al. 2007;Vlaeyen and Linton 2012), pain catastrophizing is a crucial cognitive variable involved in emotional distress and impairment associated to pain experience.”
From Efficacy of Combined Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and Pain in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2018) · cites this paper as Leeuw et al. 2007
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Fear-Avoidance Model (FAM)65–71 describes core cognitive–behavioural processes, including pain catastrophising, pain-related fear, pain hypervigilance and pain avoidance, which contribute to the transition from acute to persistent pain, including maintaining and exacerbating processes.”
From Optimising psychological treatment for pain after breast cancer: a factorial design study protocol in Denmark (2023) · cites this paper as [66]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Thus far, the reviews and meta-analyses regarding psychological approaches.18,22,29,33,45 have included a mix of both types of treatment, which may be a complicating factor with regard to interpretation of findings.”
From A Comparative Meta-Analysis of Unidisciplinary Psychology and Interdisciplinary Treatment Outcomes Following Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Adults with Chronic Pain. (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Not surprisingly, pain catastrophizing is associated with a variety of problems that hinder recovery, making treatment more difficult and increasing the risk of developing persistent pain and disability.6,9,22”
From Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Vigilance refers to an abnormal focus on possible signals of pain or injury 9 that might help explain why a seemingly small injury results in intense pain.”
From Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“For example, according to the fear-avoidance model of pain, aggravation of symptomatology and disability in the presence of pain occurs when individuals catastrophize about their pain experience [12].”
In the citing paper
“There is accumulating evidence that in chronic low back pain, fear of pain is more disabling than pain itself [13,14].”
From The fidelity of treatment delivery can be assessed in treatment outcome studies: a successful illustration from behavioral medicine (2009) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation.
Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., & Pivik, J. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.4.524 · Cited by 8,227
Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art.
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Linton, S. J. (2000) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00242-0 · Cited by 4,931
Self-citation(1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,856
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174794 · Cited by 4,110
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Wright, B. R. E., Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654424 · Cited by 3,327
Waddell, G., Newton, M., Henderson, I., Somerville, D., & Main, C. J. (1993) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(93)90127-b · Cited by 3,167
Patient-centredness: a conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature
Mead, N., & Bower, P. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00098-8 · Cited by 2,993
Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis
Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139 · Cited by 2,673
Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kole-Snijders, A. M. J., Boeren, R. G. B., & van Eek, H. (1995) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00279-n · Cited by 2,446
Self-citationRosenstiel, A. K., & Keefe, F. J. (1983) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90125-2 · Cited by 2,314
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kugler, K., Wijn, J., Geilen, M., de Jong, J., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (1999). The Photograph series of Daily Activities (PHODA). CD-rom version 1.0., Institute for Rehabilitation Research and School for Physiotherapy Heerlen, The Netherlands.
- Rachman, S. (1998). Anxiety. Psychological Press, Hove.
- Waddell, G. (2004b). The epidemiology of back pain. In: G. Waddell (Ed.), The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 71–89.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,010
Queraltó, J. M., Kovacs, F. M., Martín, A., Plana, N., & Royuela, A. (2011) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01155.x · Cited by 55
Timpka, T., Jacobsson, J., Dahlström, Ö., Kowalski, J. H., Bargoria, V., Ekberg, J., Nilsson, S., & Renström, P. A. F. H. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094622 · Cited by 55
Timpka, T., Jacobsson, J., Bargoria, V., Périard, J. D., Racinais, S., Rønsen, O., Halje, K., Andersson, C., Dahlström, Ö., Sprečo, A., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096580 · Cited by 55
Anxiety affects disability and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy
van Laake‐Geelen, C. C. M., Smeets, R., Schmitz, S., van den Bergh, J. P., Goossens, M. E. J. B., & Verbunt, J. (2017) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1067 · Cited by 57
Self-citationThe psychological features of patellofemoral pain: a cross-sectional study
Maclachlan, L., Matthews, M., Hodges, P. W., Collins, N. J., & Vicenzino, B. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2018-0025 · Cited by 58
Strauß, S., Barby, S., Härtner, J., Pfannmöller, J. P., Neumann, N., Moseley, G. L., & Lotze, M. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab216 · Cited by 55
Heritability of pain catastrophizing and associations with experimental pain outcomes: a twin study
Trost, Z., Strachan, E., Sullivan, M., Vervoort, T., Avery, A. R., & Afari, N. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460326.02891.fc · Cited by 54
Attentional bias towards pain-related information diminishes the efficacy of distraction.
Van Ryckeghem, D. M. L., Crombez, G., Van Hulle, L., & Van Damme, S. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.07.032 · Cited by 54
Self-citationShim, E.-J., Hahm, B.-J., Go, D. J., Lee, K.-M., Noh, H. L., Park, S.-H., & Song, Y. W. (2018) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1300691 · Cited by 54
Stamm, O., Dahms, R., Reithinger, N., Ruß, A., & Müller‐Werdan, U. (2022) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00629-3 · Cited by 54
Rehabilitation to improve outcomes of lumbar fusion surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Bogaert, L., Thys, T., Depreitere, B., Dankaerts, W., Amerijckx, C., Wambeke, P. V., Jacobs, K., Boonen, H., Brumagne, S., Moke, L., et al. (2022) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-022-07158-2 · Cited by 54
Do psychological characteristics predict response to exercise and advice for subacute low back pain?
Smeets, R., Maher, C. G., Nicholas, M. K., Refshauge, K. M., & Herbert, R. (2009) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.24731 · Cited by 54
Söderlund, A., & Åsenlöf, P. (2010) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.483036 · Cited by 54
The disabling role of fluctuations in physical activity in patients with chronic low back pain
Huijnen, I. P. J., Verbunt, J., Roelofs, J., Goossens, M. E. J. B., & Peters, M. L. (2009) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.12.008 · Cited by 54
Self-citationShen, B., Li, Y., Du, X., Chen, H., Xu, Y., Li, H., & Xu, G.-Y. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1736312 · Cited by 54
Injury-Related Fears During the Return-to-Sport Phase of ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation
Meierbachtol, A., Obermeier, M. C., Yungtum, W., Bottoms, J., Paur, E., Nelson, B. J., Tompkins, M. A., Russell, H. C., & Chmielewski, T. L. (2020) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/2325967120909385 · Cited by 58
The Relationship Between Neck Pain and Physical Activity
Cheung, J., Kajaks, T., & MacDermid, J. C. (2013) · The Open Orthopaedics Journal · doi:10.2174/1874325001307010521 · Cited by 54
A Rasch Analysis of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale Supports its Use as an Interval-level Measure
Walton, D. M., Wideman, T. H., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2013) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e318269569c · Cited by 57
Wei, X., Xu, X., Zhao, Y., Hu, W., Bai, Y., & Li, M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.07.003 · Cited by 53
Yoga for chronic pain management: a qualitative exploration
Tul, Y., Unruh, A. M., & Dick, B. D. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00842.x · Cited by 59
Cima, R. F. F., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Maes, I. H. L., Joore, M. A., & Anteunis, L. J. C. (2011) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0b013e31820dd411 · Cited by 53
Self-citationKinesiophobia and Its Association With Health-Related Quality of Life Across Injury Locations
Goldberg, P., Zeppieri, G., Bialosky, J. E., Bocchino, C., van den Boogaard, J., Tillman, S. M., & Chmielewski, T. L. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.06.023 · Cited by 60
Moran, R. W., Rushworth, W. M., & Mason, J. (2017) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2017.08.008 · Cited by 53
Hart, D. L., Werneke, M. W., George, S. Z., Matheson, J. W., Wang, Y.-C., Cook, K. F., Mioduski, J. E., & Choi, S. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080227 · Cited by 59
Brain Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia: To Find a Way Out from “Fear-Avoidance Belief”
Kami, K., Tajima, F., & Senba, E. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052886 · Cited by 52
Głowacka, M. D., Rosen, N. O., Chorney, J. M. L., Snelgrove‐Clarke, E., & George, R. B. (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12675 · Cited by 52
Pain-related fear predicts reduced spinal motion following experimental back injury
Trost, Z., France, C. R., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Thomas, J. S. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.001 · Cited by 52
Gustavsson, C., Denison, E., & von Koch, L. (2009) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.10.004 · Cited by 52
The avoidance model in knee and hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review of the evidence
Holla, J., Sanchez‐Ramirez, D. C., van der Leeden, M., Ket, J. C. F., Roorda, L. D., Lems, W. F., Steultjens, M. P. M., & Dekker, J. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9571-8 · Cited by 52
Flink, I. K., Nicholas, M. K., Boersma, K., & Linton, S. J. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.05.003 · Cited by 55
Self-citationMeulders, A., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2013) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.12.014 · Cited by 52
Self-citationKoho, P., Borodulin, K., Kautiainen, H., Kujala, U. M., Pohjolainen, T., & Hurri, H. (2015) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-1927 · Cited by 52
Quality and Usability of Arthritic Pain Self-Management Apps for Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Vandersman, P., Newton-John, T. R. O., & Phillips, J. L. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnx090 · Cited by 52
van Laake-Geelen, C. C. M., Smeets, R. J. E. M., Quadflieg, S. P. A. B., Kleijnen, J., & Verbunt, J. A. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2019-0001 · Cited by 51
Baez, S., Hoch, M. C., & Hoch, J. M. (2018) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.11.003 · Cited by 51
Sharpe, L., Todd, J., Scott, A. J., Gatzounis, R., Menzies, R. E., & Meulders, A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102126 · Cited by 59
Predictors of the Pain Perception and Self-Efficacy for Pain Control in Patients with Fibromyalgia
Sánchez, A. I., Martínez, M. P., Miró, E., & Medina, A. (2011) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n1.33 · Cited by 51
Low Back Pain Subgroups Using Fear-Avoidance Model Measures
Beneciuk, J. M., Robinson, M. E., & George, S. Z. (2012) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31824306ed · Cited by 53
Ferrari, S., Chiarotto, A., Pellizzer, M., Vanti, C., & Monticone, M. (2015) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12397 · Cited by 53
Alotaibi, N. M., Aljadi, S. H., & Alrowayeh, H. N. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1136846 · Cited by 51
Fear of pain in children and adolescents with neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome
Simons, L. E. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000377 · Cited by 52
The impact of pain-related fear on neural pathways of pain modulation in chronic low back pain
Meier, M. L., Stämpfli, P., Humphreys, B. K., Vrana, A., Seifritz, E., & Schweinhardt, P. (2017) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000601 · Cited by 53
Trost, Z., & Parsons, T. D. (2014) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12021 · Cited by 50
Inrig, T., Amey, B., Borthwick, C., & Beaton, D. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-011-9323-3 · Cited by 50
The Role of Fear of Pain in Headache
Black, A. K., Fulwiler, J. C., & Smitherman, T. A. (2015) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12561 · Cited by 51
Costa, E. C. V., Vale, S., Sobral, M., & Pereira, M. G. (2015) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2015.1109673 · Cited by 50
The Key Role of Pain Catastrophizing in the Disability of Patients with Acute Back Pain
Ramírez‐Maestre, C., Esteve, R., Ruiz-Párraga, G. T., Gómez‐Pérez, L., & López-Martínez, A. E. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9600-9 · Cited by 50
Koçyiğit, B. F., & Akaltun, M. S. (2020) · Archives of Rheumatology · doi:10.46497/archrheumatol.2020.7432 · Cited by 50
Kopp, B., Furlough, K. A., Goldberg, T. D., Ring, D., & Koenig, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1016/j.jor.2021.05.026 · Cited by 50
Lewis, S., Holmes, P. S., Woby, S. R., Hindle, J., & Fowler, N. E. (2011) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2011.08.001 · Cited by 52
Potential Processes Involved in the Initiation and Maintenance of Whiplash-Associated Disorders
Sterling, M. M., McLean, S. A., Sullivan, M. J. L., Elliott, J. M., Buitenhuis, J., & Kamper, S. J. (2011) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e318238853f · Cited by 49
Bishop, F. L., Yardley, L., Prescott, P., Cooper, C. C., Little, P. S., & Lewith, G. T. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000108 · Cited by 49
Asmundson, G. J. G., Parkerson, H. A., Petter, M., & Noel, M. E. (2012) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.12.15 · Cited by 49
Reducing Catastrophic thinking Associated with Pain
Wideman, T. H., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2011) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.11.14 · Cited by 49
Bergström, G., Hagberg, J., Busch, H., Jensen, I. B., & Björklund, C. (2013) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-013-9454-9 · Cited by 49
Incorporating Biopsychosocial Characteristics into Personalized Healthcare: A Clinical Approach
Evers, A. W. M., Gieler, U., Hasenbring, M. I., & van Middendorp, H. (2014) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000358309 · Cited by 49
Wideman, T. H., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20110071 · Cited by 49
Besen, E. T., Gaines, B. E., Linton, S. J., & Shaw, W. S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12085 · Cited by 49
Self-citationNees, F., & Becker, S. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.051 · Cited by 49
Dyspnea catastrophizing and neural activations during the anticipation and perception of dyspnea
Stoeckel, M. C., Esser, R. W., Gamer, M., Büchel, C., & von Leupoldt, A. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13004 · Cited by 49
Huber, A., Suman, A. L., Biasi, G., & Carli, G. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.005 · Cited by 51
Varallo, G., Scarpina, F., Giusti, E. M., Suso-Ribera, C., Cattivelli, R., Guerrini Usubini, A., Capodaglio, P., & Castelnuovo, G. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11080810 · Cited by 48
Cayoun, B., Simmons, A., & Shires, A. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0823-x · Cited by 48
Hadlandsmyth, K., Dailey, D. L., Rakel, B. A., Zimmerman, M. B., Vance, C. G., Merriwether, E. N., Chimenti, R. L., Geasland, K. M., Crofford, L. J., & Sluka, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317736577 · Cited by 48
Zucker, N. L., & Bulik, C. M. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23255 · Cited by 48
García-de-Miguel, S., Pecos‐Martín, D., Larroca-Sanz, T., Sanz-de-Vicente, B., Garcia-Montes, L., Fernández-Matías, R., & Gallego‐Izquierdo, T. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061665 · Cited by 48
Preliminary Evidence of Altered Biomechanics in Adolescents With Juvenile Fibromyalgia
Sil, S., Thomas, S., DiCesare, C., Strotman, D., Ting, T. V., Myer, G., & Kashikar‐Zuck, S. (2015) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22450 · Cited by 48
Association of fear of movement and leisure-time physical activity among patients with chronic pain
Koho, P., Orenius, T., Kautiainen, H., Haanpää, M., Pohjolainen, T., & Hurri, H. (2011) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-0850 · Cited by 53
Graded activity for workers with low back pain: Who benefits most and how does it work?
Staal, J. B., Hlobil, H., Köke, A. J. A., Twisk, J. W. R., Smid, T., & van Mechelen, W. (2008) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.23570 · Cited by 48
George, S. Z., Parr, J. J., Wallace, M. R., Wu, S. S., Borsa, P. A., Dai, Y. E., & Fillingim, R. B. (2013) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.09.012 · Cited by 48
Association between waking‐state oral parafunctional behaviours and bio‐psychosocial characteristics
Khawaja, S. N., Nickel, J. C., Iwasaki, L. R., Crow, H. C., & Gonzalez, Y. M. (2015) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12302 · Cited by 48
Semrau, J., Hentschke, C., Buchmann, J., Meng, K., Vogel, H., Faller, H., Bork, H., & Pfeifer, K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118609 · Cited by 49
Elvén, M., Hochwälder, J., Dean, E., & Söderlund, A. (2014) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.3109/09593985.2014.994250 · Cited by 52
Alhakami, A. M., Davis, S., Qasheesh, M., Shaphe, M. A., & Chahal, A. (2019) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.31.590 · Cited by 54
A neurobiologist’s attempt to understand persistent pain
Brodal, P. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.03.001 · Cited by 47
Malfliet, A., Leysen, L., Pas, R., Kuppens, K., Nijs, J., van Wilgen, P., Huysmans, E., Goudman, L., & Ickmans, K. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.009 · Cited by 47
Acceptance-based interoceptive exposure for young children with functional abdominal pain
Zucker, N., Mauro, C., Craske, M., Wagner, H. R., Datta, N., Hopkins, H., Caldwell, K., Kiridly, A., Marsan, S., Maslow, G., et al. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.009 · Cited by 47
Larsson, B. K., Gerdle, B. U. C., Bernfort, L., Levin, L., & Dragioti, E. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0591-4 · Cited by 49
Ehrenbrusthoff, K., Ryan, C. G., Grüneberg, C., Wand, B. M., & Martin, D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205244 · Cited by 47
Hanel, J., Owen, P. J., Held, S., Tagliaferri, S. D., Miller, C. T., Donath, L., & Belavý, D. L. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01345-1 · Cited by 47
Psychological Factors in Chronic Pelvic Pain due to Endometriosis: A Comparative Study
Roth, R. S., Punch, M. R., & Bachman, J. E. (2011) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000321392 · Cited by 47
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Pérez‐de‐Heredia‐Torres, M., Martínez-Piédrola, R. M., De-la-Llave-Rincón, A. I., & Cleland, J. A. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1666-4 · Cited by 47
Breen, A. C., Teyhen, D. S., Mellor, F. E., Breen, A. C., Wong, K. W. N., & Deitz, A. K. (2012) · Advances in Orthopedics · doi:10.1155/2012/802350 · Cited by 47
George, S. Z., Valencia, C., Zeppieri, G., & Robinson, M. E. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090032 · Cited by 47
Brain systems at the intersection of chronic pain and self-regulation
Reddan, M. C., & Wager, T. D. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.047 · Cited by 46
Kovacs, F. M., Noguera, J., Abraira, V., Royuela, A., Cano, A., del Real, M. T. G., Zamora, J., Gestoso, M., Muriel, A., & Mufraggi, N. (2008) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2008.00518.x · Cited by 52
Saner, J., Kool, J., de Bie, R. A., Sieben, J. M., & Luomajoki, H. A. (2011) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-207 · Cited by 46
My body is not working right: a cognitive behavioral model of body image and chronic pain
Sündermann, O., Flink, I. K., & Linton, S. J. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001822 · Cited by 46
Self-citationLee, J. E., Watson, D., & Frey‐Law, L. A. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00249.x · Cited by 45
“These various pain-related variables are proposed to be related to the development of chronic pain (Vlaeyen and Linton, 2000; Leeuw et al., 2007) and several have been used in isolation or combination in other acute pain studies (George et al., 2006, 2008; Lee et al., 2010; Robinson et al., 2010;…”
BackgroundDe Vroey, H., Claeys, K., Shariatmadar, K., Weygers, I., Vereecke, E., Van Damme, G., Hallez, H., & Staes, F. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9030738 · Cited by 45
Kinesiophobia and associated factors among patients with chronic non-specific low back pain
John, J. N., Ugwu, E. C., Okezue, O. C., Ekechukwu, E. N. D., Mgbeojedo, U. G., John, D. O., & Ezeukwu, A. O. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2103747 · Cited by 45
Threatening social context facilitates pain-related fear learning.
Karos, K., Meulders, A., & Vlaeyen, J. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.11.014 · Cited by 41
Self-citationYoung people making sense of pain: Cognitive appraisal, function, and pain in 8–16 year old children
Huguet, A., Eccleston, C., Miró, J., & Gauntlett‐Gilbert, J. (2008) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.07.011 · Cited by 45
Fear Avoidance and Illness Beliefs in Post-Traumatic Neck Pain
Buitenhuis, J., & de Jong, P. J. (2011) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3182388400 · Cited by 45
Mourad, G., Strömberg, A., Jonsbu, E., Gustafsson, M., Johansson, P., & Jaarsma, T. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1491-1 · Cited by 45
Pain beliefs and problems in functioning among people with arthritis: a meta-analytic review
Jia, X., & Jackson, T. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9777-z · Cited by 45
Vervoort, T., & Trost, Z. (2017) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2017.03.010 · Cited by 45
Malfliet, A., Kregel, J., Meeus, M., Danneels, L. A., Cagnie, B. J., Roussel, N. A., & Nijs, J. (2018) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.04.010 · Cited by 47
Barriers to physical activity: a study of academic and community cancer survivors with pain
Romero, S. A. D., Brown, J. C., Bauml, J. M., Hay, J. L., Li, Q. S., Cohen, R. B., & Mao, J. J. J. (2018) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-018-0711-y · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Linton, S. J., Crombez, G., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Örebro University (SE)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Leeuw, Maaike
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2006-12-20
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-94
- ISSN
- 0160-7715 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3521
- OpenAlex
- W2127113745
- Cited by
- 2,261
- References
- 206
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 143 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 133 · 2015: 148 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 126 · 2012: 115
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Keywords
- fear-avoidance model, chronic musculoskeletal pain, low back pain, pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, disability, disuse, pain intensity, attention to pain, pain maintenance, cognitive-behavioral model
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety, Attention, Chronic Disease, Escape Reaction, Fear, Humans, Motor Activity, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Pain, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Muscular Disorders, Atrophic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
