The DOI matches its Crossref record; 201 of the 206 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Fear-Avoidance Model of Musculoskeletal Pain: Current State of Scientific Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Research studies focusing on the fear-avoidance model have expanded considerably since the review by Vlaeyen and Linton (Vlaeyen J. W. S. & Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain, 85(3), 317--332). The fear-avoidance model is a cognitive-behavioral account that explains why a minority of acute low back pain sufferers develop a chronic pain problem. This paper reviews the current state of scientific evidence for the individual components of the model: pain severity, pain catastrophizing, attention to pain, escape/avoidance behavior, disability, disuse, and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, support for the contribution of pain-related fear in the inception of low back pain, the development of chronic low back pain from an acute episode, and the maintenance of enduring pain, will be highlighted. Finally, available evidence on recent clinical applications is provided, and unresolved issues that need further exploration are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychological interventions for chronic pain have a longstanding history of empirical support.26 Support for psychological approaches can be found in both systematic reviews18,29,33 and meta-analyses.22,45”
From A Comparative Meta-Analysis of Unidisciplinary Psychology and Interdisciplinary Treatment Outcomes Following Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Adults with Chronic Pain. (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Musculoskeletal (MSK) providers have addressed the mental factors that influence pain using three primary frameworks: the fear-avoidance model, pain neuroscience education and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (Archer et al., 2016;Chimenti et al., 2018;Leeuw et al., 2007;Moseley & Vlaeyen, 2015;Stearns et al., 2021).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Leeuw et al., 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These models identify key psychological constructs (yellow flags) such as pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, pain anxiety, depression, pain avoidance and low pain self-efficacy which are associated with poor long-term MSK health outcomes (Leeuw et al., 2007;Lentz et al., 2016;Martinez-Calderon et al., 2019;Stearns et al., 2021;Van Wyngaarden et al., 2019).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Leeuw et al., 2007
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This fear can cause avoidance behaviors even in the absence of pain, creating a cycle of inactivity and disability, as described in the Fear-Avoidance Model.16, 17, 18”
From Role of Anxiety in Individuals with Generalized Joint Hypermobility: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to the influential fear-avoidance model of chronic pain (Leeuw et al. 2007;Vlaeyen and Linton 2012), pain catastrophizing is a crucial cognitive variable involved in emotional distress and impairment associated to pain experience.”
From Efficacy of Combined Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and Pain in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2018) · cites this paper as Leeuw et al. 2007
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Fear-Avoidance Model (FAM)65–71 describes core cognitive–behavioural processes, including pain catastrophising, pain-related fear, pain hypervigilance and pain avoidance, which contribute to the transition from acute to persistent pain, including maintaining and exacerbating processes.”
From Optimising psychological treatment for pain after breast cancer: a factorial design study protocol in Denmark (2023) · cites this paper as [66]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Thus far, the reviews and meta-analyses regarding psychological approaches.18,22,29,33,45 have included a mix of both types of treatment, which may be a complicating factor with regard to interpretation of findings.”
From A Comparative Meta-Analysis of Unidisciplinary Psychology and Interdisciplinary Treatment Outcomes Following Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Adults with Chronic Pain. (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Not surprisingly, pain catastrophizing is associated with a variety of problems that hinder recovery, making treatment more difficult and increasing the risk of developing persistent pain and disability.6,9,22”
From Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Vigilance refers to an abnormal focus on possible signals of pain or injury 9 that might help explain why a seemingly small injury results in intense pain.”
From Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“For example, according to the fear-avoidance model of pain, aggravation of symptomatology and disability in the presence of pain occurs when individuals catastrophize about their pain experience [12].”
In the citing paper
“There is accumulating evidence that in chronic low back pain, fear of pain is more disabling than pain itself [13,14].”
From The fidelity of treatment delivery can be assessed in treatment outcome studies: a successful illustration from behavioral medicine (2009) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation.
Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., & Pivik, J. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.4.524 · Cited by 8,227
Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art.
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Linton, S. J. (2000) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00242-0 · Cited by 4,931
Self-citation(1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,856
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174794 · Cited by 4,110
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Wright, B. R. E., Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654424 · Cited by 3,327
Waddell, G., Newton, M., Henderson, I., Somerville, D., & Main, C. J. (1993) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(93)90127-b · Cited by 3,167
Patient-centredness: a conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature
Mead, N., & Bower, P. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00098-8 · Cited by 2,993
Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis
Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139 · Cited by 2,673
Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kole-Snijders, A. M. J., Boeren, R. G. B., & van Eek, H. (1995) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(94)00279-n · Cited by 2,446
Self-citationRosenstiel, A. K., & Keefe, F. J. (1983) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90125-2 · Cited by 2,314
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kugler, K., Wijn, J., Geilen, M., de Jong, J., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (1999). The Photograph series of Daily Activities (PHODA). CD-rom version 1.0., Institute for Rehabilitation Research and School for Physiotherapy Heerlen, The Netherlands.
- Rachman, S. (1998). Anxiety. Psychological Press, Hove.
- Waddell, G. (2004b). The epidemiology of back pain. In: G. Waddell (Ed.), The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 71–89.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,010
A prospective sequential analysis of the fear-avoidance model of pain
Wideman, T. H., Adams, H., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.022 · Cited by 171
Martínez, M. P., Miró, E., Sánchez, A. I., Díaz-Piedra, C., Cáliz, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Buela-Casal, G. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9520-y · Cited by 161
Self-citationMediators of change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for pediatric chronic pain
Wicksell, R. K., Olsson, G. L., & Hayes, S. C. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.003 · Cited by 160
Flynn, T. W., Smith, B., & Chou, R. (2011) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3618 · Cited by 160
Amorim, A. B., Pappas, E., Simić, M., Ferreira, M. L., Jennings, M. D., Tiedemann, A., Carvalho‐e‐Silva, A. P., Caputo, E. L., Kongsted, A., & Ferreira, P. H. (2019) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2454-y · Cited by 168
den Hollander, M., Goossens, M., de Jong, J., Ruijgrok, J., Oosterhof, J., Onghena, P., Smeets, R., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000651 · Cited by 155
Self-citationDoménech, J., Sanchis‐Alfonso, V., & Espejo, B. (2014) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-014-2968-7 · Cited by 159
de Graaff, A. A., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., Smits, L. J. M., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., & Dunselman, G. A. J. (2016) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dew215 · Cited by 159
A Transdiagnostic Approach to Pain and Emotion
Linton, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12007 · Cited by 157
Self-citationGeorge, S. Z., Fritz, J. M., & Childs, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2008.2647 · Cited by 148
Shahidi, B., Curran‐Everett, D., & Maluf, K. S. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.09.002 · Cited by 153
Psychological Factors Affecting Rehabilitation and Outcomes Following Elective Orthopaedic Surgery
Flanigan, D. C., Everhart, J. S., & Glassman, A. H. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-14-00225 · Cited by 147
Etiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of vulvodynia
Sadownik, L. A. (2014) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s37660 · Cited by 146
Holth, H. S., Werpen, H. K. B., Zwart, J., & Hagen, K. (2008) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-159 · Cited by 153
George, S. Z., Lentz, T. A., Zeppieri, G., Lee, D., & Chmielewski, T. L. (2012) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31822363f4 · Cited by 122
Rusu, A. C., Kreddig, N., Hallner, D., Hülsebusch, J., & Hasenbring, M. I. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-280 · Cited by 142
Castillo, R. C., Wegener, S. T., Heins, S. E., Haythornthwaite, J. A., MacKenzie, E. J., & Bosse, M. J. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.025 · Cited by 141
Martinez-Calderon, J., Flores-Cortes, M., Morales-Asencio, J. M., & Luque-Suarez, A. (2019) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.04.009 · Cited by 141
Fear of Movement Is Related to Trunk Stiffness in Low Back Pain
Karayannis, N. V., Smeets, R., van den Hoorn, W., & Hodges, P. W. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067779 · Cited by 146
Psychosocial and Functional Outcomes in Youth With Chronic Sickle Cell Pain
Sil, S., Cohen, L. L., & Dampier, C. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000289 · Cited by 140
The biopsychosocial model of pain 40 years on: time for a reappraisal?
Nicholas, M. K. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002654 · Cited by 158
Psychologically Informed Interventions for Low Back Pain: An Update for Physical Therapists
Nicholas, M. K., & George, S. Z. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20100278 · Cited by 139
Janssens, T., Peuter, S. D., Stans, L., Verleden, G. M., Troosters, T., Decramer, M., & den Bergh, O. V. (2011) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.10-3257 · Cited by 139
The role of emotions in cancer patients’ decision-making
Mazzocco, K., Masiero, M. A., Carriero, M. C., & Pravettoni, G. (2019) · ecancermedicalscience · doi:10.3332/ecancer.2019.914 · Cited by 147
Biomedical and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Disability After Peripheral Nerve Injury
Novak, C. B., Anastakis, D. J., Beaton, D., Mackinnon, S. E., & Katz, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.j.00110 · Cited by 143
Support for the mutual maintenance of pain and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms
Liedl, A., O'Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., Silove, D. M., McFARLANE, A. C., Knaevelsrud, C., & Bryant, R. A. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991310 · Cited by 144
Norming of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia across pain diagnoses and various countries
Roelofs, J., van Breukelen, G., Sluiter, J. K., Frings‐Dresen, M. H. W., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Thibault, P., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.028 · Cited by 145
Self-citationPain catastrophizing as repetitive negative thinking: A development of the conceptualization
Flink, I. L., Boersma, K., & Linton, S. J. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.769621 · Cited by 137
Self-citationLentz, T. A., Beneciuk, J. M., Bialosky, J. E., Zeppieri, G., Dai, Y., Wu, S. S., & George, S. Z. (2016) · Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6487 · Cited by 137
Sander, A. P., Wilson, J. M., Izzo, N., Mountford, S. A., & Hayes, K. W. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20110115 · Cited by 148
Darlow, B. J. S., Dean, S. G., Perry, M., Mathieson, F. M., Baxter, D. G., & Dowell, A. C. (2015) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000000901 · Cited by 142
Fallon, N. B., Brown, C. A., Twiddy, H., Brian, E., Frank, B., Nurmikko, T. J., & Stančák, A. (2020) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/2049463720973703 · Cited by 141
Are depression, anxiety and poor mental health risk factors for knee pain? A systematic review
Phyomaung, P. P., Dubowitz, J., Cicuttini, F. M., Fernando, S., Wluka, A. E., Raaijmaakers, P., Wang, Y., & Urquhart, D. M. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-10 · Cited by 135
George, S. Z., Zeppieri, G., Cere, A. L., Cere, M. R., Borut, M. S., Hodges, M. J., Reed, D. M., Valencia, C., & Robinson, M. E. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.029 · Cited by 134
Associates of Physical Function and Pain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Piva, S. R., Fitzgerald, G. K., Irrgang, J. J., Fritz, J. M., Wisniewski, S. R., McGinty, G. T., Childs, J. D., Doménech, M. A., Jones, S., & Delitto, A. (2009) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.08.214 · Cited by 140
Mindfulness-based Group Therapy for Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia
Brotto, L. A., Basson, R., Smith, K. B., Driscoll, M., & Sadownik, L. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0273-z · Cited by 131
Miyamoto, G. C., Franco, K. F. M., van Dongen, J. M., Franco, K. F. M., de Oliveira, N. T. B., Amaral, D. D. V., Branco, A. N. C., da Silva, M. L., van Tulder, M. W., & Cabral, C. M. N. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098825 · Cited by 139
Mousavi, S. J., Parnianpour, M., Abedi, M., Ashtiani, A. A., Karimi, A., Khorsandi, A. A., & Mehdian, H. (2008) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215508085821 · Cited by 129
Operant Learning Theory in Pain and Chronic Pain Rehabilitation
Gatzounis, R., Schrooten, M. G. S., Crombez, G., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2012) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-012-0247-1 · Cited by 128
Self-citationTejera, D. M., Beltrán-Alacreu, H., Cano‐de‐la‐Cuerda, R., Hernández, J. V., Martín‐Pintado‐Zugasti, A., Calvo‐Lobo, C., Gil‐Martínez, A., & Fernández‐Carnero, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165950 · Cited by 127
Miró, E., Martínez, M. P., Sánchez, A. I., Prados, G., & Medina, A. (2011) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02016.x · Cited by 126
Gheldof, E. L. M., Crombez, G., den Bussche, E. V., Vinck, J., Nieuwenhuyse, A. V., Moens, G. F. G., Mairiaux, P., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2010) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.01.003 · Cited by 133
Self-citationLaw, R. Y. W., Harvey, L. A., Nicholas, M. K., Tonkin, L., Sousa, M. D., & Finniss, D. G. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090056 · Cited by 126
Kindermans, H. P. J., Roelofs, J., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Huijnen, I. P. J., Verbunt, J. A., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2011) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.04.009 · Cited by 124
Self-citationUnderstanding fear of pain in chronic pain: Interoceptive fear conditioning as a novel approach
Peuter, S. D., Diest, I. V., Vansteenwegenl, D., den Bergh, O. V., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2011) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.03.002 · Cited by 136
Self-citationMain, C. J. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000457 · Cited by 124
Desrochers, G., Bergeron, S., Khalifé, S., Dupuis, M.-J., & Jodoin, M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.014 · Cited by 123
Effects of attention on the control of locomotion in individuals with chronic low back pain
Lamoth, C. J. C., Stins, J. F., Pont, M., Kerckhoff, F., & Beek, P. J. (2008) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-5-13 · Cited by 122
on behalf of the Recovery Study Group, Bruce, J., Thornton, A. J., Scott, N. W., Marfizo, S., Powell, R., Johnston, M., Wells, M., Heys, S. D., & Thompson, A. M. (2012) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.341 · Cited by 121
“However, other mechanisms of effect are possible: anxiety or pain catastrophising may affect behaviours that could influence recovery, as per fear avoidance theories of chronic pain (Leeuw et al, 2007).”
BackgroundGeorge, S. Z., & Stryker, S. E. (2011) · Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3488 · Cited by 118
Coombes, B. K., Bisset, L., & Vicenzino, B. (2012) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31823dd333 · Cited by 118
Briani, R. V., Ferreira, A. S., Pazzinatto, M. F., Pappas, E., Silva, D. D. O., & de Azevedo, F. M. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098099 · Cited by 123
Belavý, D. L., Oosterwijck, J. V., Clarkson, M. J., Dhondt, E., Mundell, N. L., Miller, C. T., & Owen, P. J. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.012 · Cited by 117
Psychosocial Factors Predict Pain and Physical Health After Lower Extremity Trauma
Archer, K. R., Abraham, C. M., & Obremskey, W. T. (2015) · Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4504-6 · Cited by 116
Zaman, J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Oudenhove, L. V., Wiech, K., & Diest, I. V. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.009 · Cited by 123
Self-citationHeathcote, L. C., & Eccleston, C. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000872 · Cited by 122
Behavioral management of the triggers of recurrent headache: A randomized controlled trial
Martin, P. R., Reece, J., Callan, M., MacLeod, C., Kaur, A., Gregg, K., & Goadsby, P. J. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.002 · Cited by 116
Singla, M., Jones, M. A., Edwards, I., & Kumar, S. (2014) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2014.10.004 · Cited by 115
Albaladejo, C., Kovacs, F. M., Royuela, A., del Pino, R., & Zamora, J. (2010) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181b9c9a7 · Cited by 115
Exteroceptive and Interoceptive Body-Self Awareness in Fibromyalgia Patients
Valenzuela-Moguillansky, C., Reyes‐Reyes, A., & Gaete, M. I. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00117 · Cited by 126
Kikuchi, N., Matsudaira, K., Sawada, T., & Oka, H. (2015) · Journal of Orthopaedic Science · doi:10.1007/s00776-015-0751-3 · Cited by 113
Trigsted, S. M., Cook, D. B., Pickett, K. A., Cadmus‐Bertram, L., Dunn, W. R., & Bell, D. R. (2018) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-018-4950-2 · Cited by 121
Martínez-Calderón, J., Struyf, F., Meeus, M., & Luque-Suárez, A. (2018) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2018.06.010 · Cited by 120
Herigstad, M., Hayen, A., Wiech, K., & Pattinson, K. T. S. (2011) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.12.022 · Cited by 113
Lentz, T. A., George, S. Z., Manickas-Hill, O., Malay, M., O’Donnell, J., Jayakumar, P., Jiranek, W. A., & Mather, R. C. “. (2020) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000001520 · Cited by 110
George, S. Z., Wittmer, V. T., Fillingim, R. B., & Robinson, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3396 · Cited by 117
Lentz, T. A., Barabas, J. A., Day, T., Bishop, M. D., & George, S. Z. (2009) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2879 · Cited by 119
O’Sullivan, K., Dankaerts, W., O'Sullivan, L. W., & O’Sullivan, P. (2015) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20140406 · Cited by 118
The communal coping model of pain catastrophising: Clinical and research implications.
Sullivan, M. J. L. (2012) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0026726 · Cited by 125
Study on Pain Catastrophizing From 2010 to 2020: A Bibliometric Analysis via CiteSpace
Luo, H., Cai, Z., Huang, Y., Song, J., Ma, Q., Yang, X., & Song, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.759347 · Cited by 109
Parr, J. J., Borsa, P. A., Fillingim, R. B., Tillman, M. D., Manini, T. M., Gregory, C. M., & George, S. Z. (2012) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.12.011 · Cited by 116
Chronic Low Back Pain, Sleep Disturbance, and Interleukin-6
Heffner, K. L., France, C. R., Trost, Z., Ng, H. M., & Pigeon, W. R. (2010) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181eef761 · Cited by 108
Dubayová, T., van Dijk, J. P., Nagyová, I., Rosenberger, J., Havlíková, E., Gdovinová, Z., Middel, B., & Groothoff, J. W. (2010) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-010-0149-0 · Cited by 108
Leg pain and psychological variables predict outcome 2–3 years after lumbar fusion surgery
Abbott, A. D., Tyni‐Lenné, R., & Hedlund, R. (2011) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-011-1709-6 · Cited by 109
Westman, A., Linton, S. J., Öhrvik, J., Wahlén, P., & Leppert, J. (2008) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.10.007 · Cited by 107
Self-citationThomas, J. S., France, C. R., Applegate, M. E., Leitkam, S. T., & Walkowski, S. (2016) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.08.011 · Cited by 107
Alappattu, M. J., & Bishop, M. D. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20100368 · Cited by 116
A Subgroup of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients With Central Sensitization
Aoyagi, K., He, J., Chadwick, A. L., Clauw, D. J., Kluding, P. M., Jernigan, S. D., & Sharma, N. K. (2019) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000755 · Cited by 114
Miller, M. M., Meints, S. M., & Hirsh, A. T. (2018) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001342 · Cited by 116
Differences in activity‐related behaviour among patients with chronic low back pain
Huijnen, I. P. J., Verbuntl, J. A., Peters, M. L., Smeets, R., Kindermans, H. P. J., Roelofsl, J., Goossens, M. E. J. B., & Seelenl, H. A. M. (2010) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.11.015 · Cited by 109
Self-citationFear reduction in patients with chronic pain: a learning theory perspective
den Hollander, M., de Jong, J. R., Volders, S., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Smeets, R., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.115 · Cited by 113
Self-citationScheper, M., de Vries, J. E., Verbunt, J., & Engelbert, R. H. H. (2015) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s64251 · Cited by 105
Teodorescu, D.-S., Heir, T., Siqveland, J., Hauff, E., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Lien, L. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0064-5 · Cited by 105
Zelle, D. M., Corpeleijn, E., Klaassen, G., Schutte, E., Navis, G. J., & Bakker, S. J. L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147609 · Cited by 105
Psychological predictors of recovery from low back pain: a prospective study
George, S. Z., & Beneciuk, J. M. (2015) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0509-2 · Cited by 113
Meulders, A., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.10.025 · Cited by 111
Self-citationRamírez‐Maestre, C., & Esteve, R. (2014) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.02.006 · Cited by 107
The Role of Stress in the Etiology of Oral Parafunction and Myofascial Pain
Ohrbach, R. K., & Michelotti, A. (2018) · Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.coms.2018.04.011 · Cited by 109
The Role of Positive Traits and Pain Catastrophizing in Pain Perception
Pulvers, K. M., & Hood, A. (2013) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-013-0330-2 · Cited by 108
Wideman, T. H., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.044 · Cited by 102
Emotional and Cognitive Influences on Pain Experience
Peters, M. L. (2015) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000435938 · Cited by 110
Holla, J., van der Leeden, M., Heymans, M. W., Roorda, L. D., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S., Boers, M., Lems, W. F., Steultjens, M. P. M., & Dekker, J. (2013) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202984 · Cited by 103
Galán-Martín, M. Á., Montero-Cuadrado, F., Lluch‐Girbés, E., Coca-López, M. C., Mayo-Íscar, A., & Vargas, A. I. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9041201 · Cited by 105
Griffin, D. W., Harmon, D. C., & Kennedy, N. (2011) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2011.04.350 · Cited by 108
Threat response system: Parallel brain processes in pain vis-à-vis fear and anxiety
Elman, I., & Borsook, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00029 · Cited by 100
Malfliet, A., Kregel, J., Meeus, M., Roussel, N., Danneels, L., Cagnie, B., Dolphens, M., & Nijs, J. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzx092 · Cited by 100
Rosen, N. O., Bergeron, S., Sadikaj, G., Głowacka, M. D., Delisle, I., & Baxter, M.-L. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034550 · Cited by 100
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Pediatric Chronic Pain: Theory and Application
Pielech, M., Vowles, K., & Wicksell, R. (2017) · Children · doi:10.3390/children4020010 · Cited by 99
Dyspnea-Related Cues Engage the Prefrontal Cortex
Herigstad, M., Hayen, A., Evans, E. F., Hardinge, F. M., Davies, R. J. O., Wiech, K., & Pattinson, K. T. S. (2015) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.15-0416 · Cited by 99
Börsbo, B., Peolsson, M., & Gerdle, B. U. C. (2008) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-0207 · Cited by 99
Metadata
- Authors
- Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Linton, S. J., Crombez, G., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Örebro University (SE)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Leeuw, Maaike
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2006-12-20
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-94
- ISSN
- 0160-7715 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3521
- OpenAlex
- W2127113745
- Cited by
- 2,261
- References
- 206
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 143 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 133 · 2015: 148 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 126 · 2012: 115
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Keywords
- fear-avoidance model, chronic musculoskeletal pain, low back pain, pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, disability, disuse, pain intensity, attention to pain, pain maintenance, cognitive-behavioral model
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety, Attention, Chronic Disease, Escape Reaction, Fear, Humans, Motor Activity, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Pain, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Muscular Disorders, Atrophic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
