Longitudinal Bi-directional Relationships Between Sleep and Youth Substance Use
Open accessAbstract
Despite the known deficits in sleep that occur during adolescence and the high prevalence of substance use behaviors among this group, relatively little research has explored how sleep and substance use may be causally related. The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal bi-directional relationships between sleep duration, sleep patterns and youth substance use behaviors. Participants included 704 mostly white (86.4 %) youth, 51 % female, with a baseline mean age of 14.7 years. Self-reported substance use behaviors included past month alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Sleep measures included sleep duration on weekends and weekdays, total sleep, weekend oversleep, and weekend sleep delay. Cross-lagged structural equation models, accounting for clustering at the school level, were run to determine the longitudinal association between sleep and substance use adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, pubertal status, body mass index z-score, and depressive symptoms. Cigarette use and weekend sleep were bi-directionally related as were marijuana use and total sleep. No other bi-directional associations were identified. However, alcohol use predicted shorter weekend oversleep and marijuana use predicted increased weekend sleep and weekend oversleep. Sleep patterns and duration also predicted adolescents' cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. Sleep, both patterns and duration, and substance use among youth are intertwined. Future research is needed to explore these bi-directional relationships, as well as other important contextual factors that may moderate these associations.
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Longitudinal follow-up studies have found that weekend delay and sleep-timing variability during adolescence and young adulthood positively correlate with alcohol use 2 years later and the incidence of alcohol use disorder symptoms 3 and 5 years later, and are associated with an earlier onset of alcohol use disorder.
“Longitudinal follow-up studies have found that weekend delay and sleep-timing variability during adolescence and young adulthood positively correlate with alcohol use 2 years later162 and the incidence of alcohol use disorder symptoms 3 and 5 years later163 and are associated with an earlier onset of alcohol use disorder164.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [162]
Prospective studies in adolescents implicate short sleep and weekend oversleep as a risk for future alcohol and illicit drug use.
“Prospective studies in adolescents implicate short sleep (59,60), and weekend oversleep as a risk for future alcohol and illicit drug use.”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [59]
Several longitudinal studies have linked markers of social jet-lag, including larger weekend delays and more variable sleep timing, with greater likelihood of alcohol use 2 years later, greater alcohol use disorder symptoms 3 and 5 years later, and earlier onset of alcohol use disorder.
“Several longitudinal studies have linked markers of social jet-lag, including larger weekend delays and more variable sleep timing, with greater likelihood of alcohol use 2-years later (59); greater alcohol use disorder symptoms 3- and 5-years later (68); and an earlier onset of alcohol use disorder (69).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [59]
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BackgroundLater school start times in a flexible system improve teenage sleep
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- Authors
- Pasch, K. E., Latimer, L. A., Cance, J. D., Moe, S. G., & Lytle, L. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pasch, Keryn E.
- Venue
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence
- Published
- 2012-07-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1184-1196
- ISSN
- 0047-2891 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6601
- PMC
- PMC3431186
- OpenAlex
- W2069270354
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 10.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL085978)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA116849)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- sleep duration, sleep patterns, adolescent substance use, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, cannabis use, bidirectional relationship, pubertal stage, depressive symptoms, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Wake Disorders, Wakefulness, Comorbidity
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