Cited by 498Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGenetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersChild and Animal Learning Development

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The ‘Fractionable Autism Triad’: A Review of Evidence from Behavioural, Genetic, Cognitive and Neural Research

Happé, Francesca, Ronald, Angelica·2008·Neuropsychology Review

DOI 10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8

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Abstract

Autism is diagnosed on the basis of a triad of impairments in social interaction, communication, and flexible imaginative functions (with restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests; RRBIs). There has been a strong presumption that these different features of the syndrome are strongly intertwined and proceed from a common cause at the genetic, cognitive and neural levels. In this review we examine evidence for an alternative approach, considering the triad as largely 'fractionable'. We present evidence from our own twin studies, and review relevant literature on autism and autistic-like traits in other groups. We suggest that largely independent genes may operate on social skills/impairments, communication abilities, and RRBIs, requiring a change in molecular-genetic research approaches. At the cognitive level, we suggest that satisfactory accounts exist for each of the triad domains, but no single unitary account can explain both social and nonsocial features of autism. We discuss the implications of the fractionable-triad approach for both diagnosis and future research directions.

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“This is perhaps not surprising given the small sample size and the variability in participants’ baseline scores, as might be expected from a heterogeneous autistic population (Happé & Ronald, 2008).”
Result
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Hoekstra, R. A., Happé, F., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Ronald, A. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31066 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
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Authors: Happé, F., & Ronald, A.
Affiliations: Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
ORCID: Ronald, Angelica
Venue: Neuropsychology Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-10-28
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
Pages: 287-304
ISSN: 1040-7308 (ISSN-L)
1573-6660
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8
OpenAlex: W2078162851
Cited by: 498
References: 161
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 2.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Neuropsychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Autism Speaks (AS1650)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, social interaction deficits, communication disorders, restricted and repetitive behaviors, autistic traits, twin studies, genetic architecture, autism diagnosis
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Behavior, Communication, Compulsive Behavior, Family Health, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Nervous System, Biomedical Research

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The ‘Fractionable Autism Triad’: A Review of Evidence from Behavioural, Genetic, Cognitive and Neural Research

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