Cataclysm No More: New Views on the Timing and Delivery of Lunar Impactors

Zellner, Nicolle E. B.

doi:10.1007/s11084-017-9536-3

Cited by 144Astro and Planetary SciencePlanetary Science and ExplorationOrigins and Evolution of Life

Cataclysm No More: New Views on the Timing and Delivery of Lunar Impactors

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Zellner, Nicolle E. B.·2017·Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres

DOI 10.1007/s11084-017-9536-3PMC PMC5602003

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Abstract

If properly interpreted, the impact record of the Moon, Earth's nearest neighbour, can be used to gain insights into how the Earth has been influenced by impacting events since its formation ~4.5 billion years (Ga) ago. However, the nature and timing of the lunar impactors - and indeed the lunar impact record itself - are not well understood. Of particular interest are the ages of lunar impact basins and what they tell us about the proposed "lunar cataclysm" and/or the late heavy bombardment (LHB), and how this impact episode may have affected early life on Earth or other planets. Investigations of the lunar impactor population over time have been undertaken and include analyses of orbital data and images; lunar, terrestrial, and other planetary sample data; and dynamical modelling. Here, the existing information regarding the nature of the lunar impact record is reviewed and new interpretations are presented. Importantly, it is demonstrated that most evidence supports a prolonged lunar (and thus, terrestrial) bombardment from ~4.2 to 3.4 Ga and not a cataclysmic spike at ~3.9 Ga. Implications for the conditions required for the origin of life are addressed.

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The Lunar Cataclysm: Reality or "Mythconception"?
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Re-examining the main asteroid belt as the primary source of ancient lunar craters
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Thermal events documented in Hadean zircons by ion microprobe depth profiles
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Heavy Bombardment on the Earth at ~3.85 Ga: The Search for Petrographic and Geochemical Evidence
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Geochronology of the Jack Hills detrital zircons by precise U–Pb isotope dilution analysis of crystal fragments
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How old is the crater copernicus?
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Lunar meteorites: new insights into the geological history of the Moon
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High resolution U‐Pb ages of Ca‐phosphates in Apollo 14 breccias: Implications for the age of the Imbrium impact
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Impacts and the Early Evolution of Life
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Ciba Foundation Symposium 202 ‐ Evolution of Hydrothermal Ecosystems on Earth (And Mars?)
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The effect of 1.9 and 1.4 Ga impact events on 4.3 Ga zircon and phosphate from an Apollo 15 melt breccia
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Complex magmatic and impact history prior to 4.1Ga recorded in zircon from Apollo 17 South Massif aphanitic breccia 73235
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Geomorphologic mapping of the lunar crater Tycho and its impact melt deposits
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40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of lunar impact glasses: Relationships among Ar diffusivity, chemical composition, shape, and size
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Moon, Mars, Mercury: Basin formation ages and implications for the maximum surface age and the migration of gaseous planets
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Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar ages of lunar impact glasses for an increase in the impact rate ∼800Ma ago
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An integrated approach to understanding Apollo 16 impact glasses: Chemistry, isotopes, and shape
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Ages of Globally Distributed Lunar Paleoregoliths and Soils from 3.9 Ga to the Present
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A laser probe 40Ar/39Ar and INAA investigation of four Apollo granulitic breccias
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The Vestan cataclysm: Impact‐melt clasts in howardites and the bombardment history of 4 Vesta
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Previously unknown large impact basins on the Moon: Implications for lunar stratigraphy
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The chronology of the Apollo 17 Station 6 boulder.
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Refining lunar impact chronology through high spatial resolution 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of impact melts
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Constraints on formation and evolution of the lunar crust from feldspathic granulitic breccias NWA 3163 and 4881
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Impact-driven ice loss in outer Solar System satellites: Consequences for the Late Heavy Bombardment
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Reactivity and Survivability of Glycolaldehyde in Simulated Meteorite Impact Experiments
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Impact cratering on the H chondrite parent asteroid
Wittmann, A. D., Swindle, T. D., Cheek, L. C., Frank, E. A., & KRING, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2009je003433 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Was there ever a Terminal Lunar Cataclysm?With lunar viscosity arguments
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Identifying the geologic context of Apollo 17 impact melt breccias
Hurwitz, D. M., & KRING, D. A. (2016) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.032 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Apollo 17 regolith, 71501,262: A record of impact events and mare volcanism in lunar glasses
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A new ∼3.46 Ga asteroid impact ejecta unit at Marble Bar, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: A petrological, microprobe and laser ablation ICPMS study
Glikson, A. Y., Hickman, A., Evans, N. J., Kirkland, C. L., Park, J., Rapp, R., & Romano, S. S. (2016) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2016.04.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Late Heavy Bombardment
Claeys, P., & Morbidelli, A. (2015) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_869 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Constraints on the source of lunar cataclysm impactors
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Isotope analysis of crystalline impact melt rocks from Apollo 16 stations 11 and 13, North Ray Crater
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Composition, structure, and age of the Apollo 16 subregolith basement as deduced from the chemistry of post‐imbrium melt bombs
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What is the Age of the Nectaris Basin? New Re-Os Constraints for a Pre-4.0 Ga Bombardment History of the Moon
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The Archean atmosphere
Catling, D. C., & Zahnle, K. J. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1420 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
A Hydrothermal-Sedimentary Context for the Origin of Life
Westall, F., Hickman-Lewis, K., Hinman, N., Gautret, P., Campbell, K. A., Bréhéret, J. G., Foucher, F., Hubert, A., Sorieul, S., Dass, A. V., et al. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1680 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applications to Slowly Rotating Venus‐Like Exoplanets
Way, M. J., & C, A. D. D. G. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2019je006276 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The Role of Meteorite Impacts in the Origin of Life
Osinski, G. R., Cockell, C., Pontefract, A., & Sapers, H. (2020) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2203 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Mars’ growth stunted by an early giant planet instability
Clement, M. S., Kaib, N. A., Raymond, S. N., & Walsh, K. J. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.04.008 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Impact Earth: A review of the terrestrial impact record
Osinski, G. R., Grieve, R. A. F., Ferrière, L., Łosiak, A., Pickersgill, A. E., Cavosie, A. J., Hibbard, S. M., Hill, P. J. A., Bermudez, J. J., Marion, C. L., et al. (2022) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104112 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Constraining the Time Interval for the Origin of Life on Earth
Pearce, B. K. D., Tupper, A. S., Pudritz, R. E., & Higgs, P. G. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1674 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Onset of Giant Planet Migration before 4480 Million Years Ago
Mojzsis, S. J., Brasser, R., Kelly, N. M., Abramov, O., & Werner, S. C. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2c03 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Planetary Astrobiology
Kopparapu, R. K., Wolf, E. T., & Meadows, V. S. (2005) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816540068 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The early instability scenario: Terrestrial planet formation during the giant planet instability, and the effect of collisional fragmentation
Clement, M. S., Kaib, N. A., Raymond, S. N., Chambers, J., & Walsh, K. J. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.033 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
When Did Life Likely Emerge on Earth in an RNA‐First Process?
Benner, S. A., Bell, E. A., Biondi, E., Brasser, R., Carell, T., Kim, H., Mojzsis, S. J., Omran, A., Pasek, M. A., & Trail, D. (2020) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.201900035 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Dynamical evidence for an early giant planet instability
de Sousa, R. R., Morbidelli, A., Raymond, S. N., Izidoro, A., Gomes, R. S., & Neto, E. V. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113605 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Emergence of Life
Camprubí, E., de Leeuw, J. W., House, C. H., Raulin, F., Russell, M. J., Spang, A., Tirumalai, M. R., & Westall, F. (2019) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0624-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“This, combined with more recent modelling, suggests a monotonic decline in the flux of impactors throughout the Hadean-Archaean Eons (Boehnke and Harrison 2016; Zellner 2017).”
Result
Early Solar System instability triggered by dispersal of the gaseous disk
Liu, B., Raymond, S. N., & Jacobson, S. A. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04535-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Constraining the formation and transport of lunar impact glasses using the ages and chemical compositions of Chang’e-5 glass beads
Long, T., Qian, Y., Norman, M. D., Miljković, K., Crow, C. A., Head, J. W., III, Che, X., Tartèse, R., Zellner, N. E. B., Yu, X., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2542 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
Probable Cold and Alkaline Surface Environment of the Hadean Earth Caused by Impact Ejecta Weathering
Kadoya, S., Krissansen‐Totton, J., & Catling, D. C. (2020) · Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2019gc008734 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“However, impact craters on the Moon also indicate the possibility of an enhanced impact flux around 3.8 Ga, the late heavy bombardment (LHB) (e.g., Niihara et al., 2019), although the LHB hypothesis has been challenged recently (Hartmann, 2019; Zellner, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples
Tartèse, R., Anand, M., Gattacceca, J., Joy, K. H., Mortimer, J., Pernet‐Fisher, J. F., Russell, S. S., Snape, J. F., & Weiss, B. P. (2019) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
History of the Terminal Cataclysm Paradigm: Epistemology of a Planetary Bombardment That Never (?) Happened
HARTMANN, W. K. (2019) · Geosciences · doi:10.3390/geosciences9070285 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Lunar Impact Glasses: Probing the Moon's Surface and Constraining its Impact History
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Self-citation
The nature of Earth’s first crust
Carlson, R. W., Garçon, M., OʼNeil, J., Reimink, J., & Rizo, H. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119321 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Excitation and Depletion of the Asteroid Belt in the Early Instability Scenario
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Hadean Earth
Harrison, T. M. (2020) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46687-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Authors: Zellner, N. E. B.
Affiliations: Albion College (US)
Corresponding author: Zellner, Nicolle E. B.
ORCID: Zellner, Nicolle E. B.
Venue: Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-05-03
Volume: 47
Issue: 3
Pages: 261-280
ISSN: 0169-6149 (ISSN-L)
1573-0875
DOI: 10.1007/s11084-017-9536-3
PMC: PMC5602003
OpenAlex: W2609827387
Cited by: 144
References: 166
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 7.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX11AB28G, NNX15AL41G)
National Science Foundation (1008819, 1516884)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
Keywords: lunar basins, lunar cataclysm, Late Heavy Bombardment, impact timing, impact delivery, origin of life
MeSH terms: Origin of Life, Moon, Earth, Planet, Meteoroids, Evolution, Planetary

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Cataclysm No More: New Views on the Timing and Delivery of Lunar Impactors

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