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The Politics of Beauty: The Effects of Partisan Bias on Physical Attractiveness
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“People may also perceive copartisans to be more physically attractive (Nicholson et al. 2016).”
From The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States (2019) · cites this paper as Nicholson et al. 2016
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“This effect, dubbed the ‘‘what is beautiful is good’’ bias, holds that physically attractive persons are assumed to hold many other positive attributes (e.g. kindness, intelligence) (Langlois et al. 2000).”
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The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034 · Cited by 3,603
Frenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America
Settle, J. E. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108560573 · Cited by 377
The Home as a Political Fortress: Family Agreement in an Era of Polarization
Iyengar, S., Konitzer, T., & Tedin, K. L. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/698929 · Cited by 261
“…cues induce out-group bias in evaluations of high school students’ academic credentials (Iyengar and Westwood 2015), levels of interpersonal trust (Carlin and Love 2018), willingness to interview job applicants (Gift and Gift 2015), and judgments of physical attractiveness (Nicholson et al. 2016).”
BackgroundElite polarization, party extremity, and affective polarization
Banda, K. K., & Cluverius, J. (2018) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.09.009 · Cited by 200
Party Animals? Extreme Partisan Polarization and Dehumanization
Martherus, J., Martinez, A. G., Piff, P. K., & Theodoridis, A. G. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09559-4 · Cited by 212
Theodoridis, A. G. (2017) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/692738 · Cited by 117
“…voter characteristic in American politics, has been increasingly conceptualized and empirically studied as a social identity (Greene 1999, 2000, 2004; Green, Palmquist, and Schickler 2002; Huddy, Mason, and Aarøe 2015; Iyengar, Sood, and Lelkes 2012; Nicholson 2012; Nicholson et al. 2016).”
BackgroundCompromise in an Age of Party Polarization
Wolak, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197510490.001.0001 · Cited by 119
Bauer, N. M., & Carpinella, C. M. (2017) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912917738579 · Cited by 118
Individual Representation in a Community of Knowledge
Rabb, N., Fernbach, P. M., & Sloman, S. A. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.07.011 · Cited by 109
Affective polarization and misinformation belief
Jenke, L. (2024) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09851-w · Cited by 85
“…(Panagopoulos et al., 2020), decreasing cross-partisan dialogue (Chen & Rohla, 2018), decreasing how attractive citizens find members of the out-party (Nicholson et al., 2016), and decreasing social cohesion as citizens avoid social interaction with members of the out-party (Iyengar et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultPartisanship as Social Identity; Implications for the Study of Party Polarization
Iyengar, S., & Krupenkin, M. (2018) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2018-0003 · Cited by 81
Affective Polarization in Political and Nonpolitical Settings
Rudolph, T. J., & Hetherington, M. J. (2020) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edaa040 · Cited by 66
Does Partisanship Affect Compliance With Government Recommendations?
Krupenkin, M. (2018) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09613-6 · Cited by 61
Political considerations in nonpolitical decisions: A conjoint analysis of roommate choice
Shafranek, R. M. (2021) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09554-9 · Cited by 73
Negative partisanship is not more prevalent than positive partisanship
Lee, A. H., Yphtach Lelkes, B., Hawkins, C. B., & Theodoridis, A. G. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01348-0 · Cited by 57
The Polarization of Popular Culture: Tracing the Size, Shape, and Depth of the “Oil Spill”
Rawlings, C. M., & Childress, C. (2023) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soad150 · Cited by 63
“…framework in the sociology of taste,in political science, scholars have noted a sharp rise in what is termed affective polarization , meaning an increase in animus toward partisan outgroup members (Carlin and Love 2013; Iyengar et al. 2019; Landy et al. 2021; Mason 2018; Nicholson et al. 2016).”
BackgroundPartisan Consumerism: Experimental Tests of Consumer Reactions to Corporate Political Activity
Panagopoulos, C., GREEN, D. P., Krasno, J. S., Schwam-Baird, M., & Endres, K. (2019) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/707491 · Cited by 60
“Such findings are consistent with theoretical perspectives that emphasize the role of partisanship as a social identity or that call attention to the many ways in which partisan affect is engaged and expressed (Chen and Rohla 2018; Iyengar andWestwood 2015; Iyengar et al. 2019; Lelkes andWestwood 2017; Nicholson et al…”
BackgroundFrenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America
Settle, J. E. (2018) · Cited by 56
The Electoral Landscape of 2016
Sides, J. M., Tesler, M., & Vavreck, L. (2016) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716216658922 · Cited by 50
“Experiments show that people are remarkably willing to discriminate against members of the opposite party (Iyengar and Westwood 2014) and even find members of the opposite party less physically attractive (Nicholson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundExpressive Responding and Belief in 2020 Election Fraud
Graham, M. H., & Yair, O. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-023-09875-w · Cited by 31
“For example, partisans tend to say that members of the opposite party are less attractive (Nicholson et al., 2016; cf. Huber & Malhotra, 2017).”
The Democracy of Dating: How Political Affiliations Shape Relationship Formation
Easton, M. J., & Holbein, J. B. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2020.21 · Cited by 50
“When we manipulate candidate affiliation, Nicholson et al. (2016)’s are still much larger.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAffective Polarization: Over Time, Through the Generations, and During the Lifespan
Phillips, J. (2022) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09784-4 · Cited by 74
“For example, opposing partisans routinely discriminate against each other in economic (Amira et al., 2020; Engelhardt & Utych, 2020; Iyengar & Westwood, 2015; McConnell et al., 2018) and social (Lelkes & Westwood, 2017; Nicholson et al., 2016; Shafranek, 2021) settings.”
Yu, X., Wojcieszak, M., & Casas, A. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09850-x · Cited by 66
Seeing Spots: Partisanship, Negativity and the Conditional Receipt of Campaign Advertisements
Henderson, J. A., & Theodoridis, A. G. (2017) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-017-9432-6 · Cited by 42
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.001.0001 · Cited by 103
Political opposites do not attract: The effects of ideological dissimilarity on impression formation
Mallinas, S. R., Crawford, J. T., & Cole, S. (2018) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v6i1.747 · Cited by 39
“These studies go beyond other recent findings regarding political dissimilarity and physical attractiveness (Nicholson et al., 2016) in a number of ways.”
BackgroundResultEvidence of Conflict Extension in Partisans’ Evaluations of People and Inanimate Objects
Banda, K. K., Carsey, T. M., & Severenchuk, S. (2019) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x19858002 · Cited by 38
Razmus, W., & Fortuna, P. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2071 · Cited by 39
Secular Surge: A New Fault Line in American Politics
Campbell, D. E., Layman, G. C., & Green, J. C. (2020) · Cited by 36
Talisse, R. B. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190924195.001.0001 · Cited by 250
GRAHAM, M. H., & Coppock, A. (2021) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfab009 · Cited by 34
“When asked to rate the physical attractiveness of potential dating partners, people rate co-partisans lower than out-partisans (Nicholson et al. 2016). This gap shrinks substantially when people are also given the chance to rate the potential dating partner’s moral values, suggesting that respondents often use the que…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHow Robust Is Evidence of Partisan Perceptual Bias in Survey Responses?
Yair, O., & Huber, G. A. (2020) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfaa024 · Cited by 36
Affective Polarization and Support for the U.S. Supreme Court
Armaly, M., & Enders, A. M. (2021) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129211006196 · Cited by 27
“She is even more likely than her less polarized counterpart to find members of the opposite party unattractive (Nicholson et al. 2016).”
BackgroundKrupenkin, M., Rothschild, D. M., Hill, S., & Yom‐Tov, E. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019830865 · Cited by 31
“…against the opposing party in settings as diverse as the allocation of scholarship funds (Iyengar and Westwood 2015), mate selection (Iyengar et al. 2017; Huber and Malhotra 2017), evaluations of physical attractiveness (Nicholson et al. 2016), and employment decisions (Gift and Gift 2015).”
BackgroundComparing stereotypes across racial and partisan lines: a study in affective polarisation
Carmines, E. G., & Nassar, R. L. (2021) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2021.1942015 · Cited by 27
Political Consequences of Partisan Prejudice
Shafranek, R. M. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12596 · Cited by 27
Affective polarization and habits of political participation
Phillips, J. B. (2023) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102733 · Cited by 32
“Affectively polarized partisans often discriminate against out-partisans in both political and non-political contexts (Amira et al., 2021; Engelhardt and Utych 2020; Iyengar and Westwood 2015; Lelkes and Westwood 2017; McConnell et al., 2018; Nicholson et al., 2016; Shafranek 2021).”
Why do partners often prefer the same political parties? Evidence from couples in Germany
Hudde, A., & Grunow, D. (2024) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soae133 · Cited by 24
“This suggests that partner selection according to political attitudes plays a central role in political homogamy among new couples (Nicholson et al., 2016; Huber and Malhotra, 2017; Easton and Holbein, 2021).”
Separated by Politics? Disentangling the Dimensions of Discrimination
Theodoridis, A. G., Goggin, S. N., & Deichert, M. (2022) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09809-y · Cited by 25
“Party identity has emerged as a critical social division in apolitical environments as well (Iyengar et al., 2012; Nicholson et al., 2016; Huber & Malhotra, 2017; Banda et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Big Lie: Expressive Responding and Misperceptions in the United States
Fahey, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2022.33 · Cited by 23
“Previous work shows that allowing individuals the opportunity to signal their partisan identity prior to answering questions reduces expressive responding on both political (Yair and Huber 2021) and non-political items (Nicholson et al. 2016).”
Wang, Y., Ahmed, S., & Bee, A. W. T. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2182609 · Cited by 26
“In addition, a ff ective polarisation shows that ideological disagreements have in fi ltrated into Americans ’ personal spheres, in fl uencing how Americans form social relationships, such as choosing a roommate, friend, and romantic partner (Nicholson et al. 2016; Iyengar, Sood, and Lelkes 2012).”
BackgroundThe elephant in the room? Considerations of politics among older adult daters
Cotton, C., & Castro, A. Z. (2024) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.13032 · Cited by 22
When Will one Help? Understanding Audience Intervention in Online Harassment of Women Journalists
Lu, S., & Luqiu, L. R. (2023) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2023.2201582 · Cited by 22
“By highlighting the similarities to political ingroup members and differences with outgroup members, people tend to evaluate members of the political ingroup as more attractive than equivalent members of political outgroups in election seasons (Nicholson et al., 2016).”
Talisse, R. B. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197752197.001.0001 · Cited by 22
Lying for Trump? Elite Cue-Taking and Expressive Responding on Vote Method
Shino, E., Smith, D. A., & Uribe, L. (2022) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfac045 · Cited by 21
Chan, L. S. (2021) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12375 · Cited by 21
The Psychological and Social Foundations of Ideological Belief Systems
Federico, C. M., & Malka, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197541296.013.16 · Cited by 36
How others drive our sense of understanding of policies
Rabb, N., Han, J. J., & Sloman, S. A. (2020) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2020.40 · Cited by 20
“Less reasonable is that even nonpolitical judgments are made along party lines when political cues are available (e.g., Iyengar & Westwood, 2015; Nicholson et al., 2016; Marks et al., 2019), findings that are difficult to explain under the deficit model.”
BackgroundDisclosing political partisanship polarizes first impressions of faces
Cassidy, B. S., Hughes, C. S., & Krendl, A. C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276400 · Cited by 21
“This pattern aligned with work showing that people find target individuals as less physically attractive when they hold dissimilar political candidate preferences [18], highlighting a role of partisan dissimilarity in changing face impressions.”
BackgroundThought as a determinant of political opinion
Sloman, S. A., & Rabb, N. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.02.014 · Cited by 21
Things are looking up: Physical beauty, social mobility, and optimistic dispositions
Urbatsch, R. (2018) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.01.006 · Cited by 18
The Social Foundations of Public Support for Political Compromise
Wolak, J. (2022) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2022-2050 · Cited by 18
Yu, X., Wojcieszak, M., Lee, S., Casas, A., Azrout, R., & Gackowski, T. (2021) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09701-1 · Cited by 17
Attraction to politically extreme users on social media
Zimmerman, F., Bailey, D. D., Murić, G., Ferrara, E., Schöne, J. P., Willer, R., Halperin, E., Navajas, J., Gross, J. J., & Goldenberg, A. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae395 · Cited by 19
“Political segregation can be seen in almost any social interaction, from the choice of social partners (1), the structure of online social networks (2, 3), to the composition of neighborhoods, and cities (4, 5).”
BackgroundIdeology: The Psychological and Social Foundations of Belief SystemsPreprint
Federico, C. M., & Malka, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xhvyj · Cited by 13
The Historical Presidency: Fear and Loathing in Presidential Candidate Rhetoric, 1952–2016
Rhodes, J. H., & Vayo, A. B. (2019) · Presidential Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/psq.12512 · Cited by 14
Support for Compromise in Principle and in Practice
Wolak, J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197510490.003.0009 · Cited by 11
How partisan social identity shapes evaluations of candidate brand elements on campaign websites
Jennings, F. J., Bramlett, J. C., Turner, K., & Figueroa, B. (2023) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2023.2291195 · Cited by 11
“Even the attractiveness of candidates is rated through partisan lenses (Nicholson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBowdring, M. A., Sayette, M. A., Girard, J. M., & Woods, W. C. (2021) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-020-00350-2 · Cited by 12
Buliga, E., MacInnis, C. C., Hodson, G., & Biamonte, J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12736 · Cited by 9
Sociopolitical Values as the Deep Culture in Culturally-Competent Psychotherapy
Redding, R. E., & Cobb, C. L. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221126688 · Cited by 14
“, 2013) and often judge people who share their political beliefs to be more physically attractive (Nicholson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundZhu, Z., Zhang, N., Ding, M., & Chen, L. (2023) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12486 · Cited by 11
“Respondents prefer not dating those from opposing parties, finding those from the same party more attractive (Nicholson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundImpact of inclusive marketing communication on brand love and brand attitude
Srivastava, J., Malik, N., Sethi, D., & Tripathi, S. N. (2025) · Corporate Communications An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccij-02-2024-0021 · Cited by 7
Seeing Red (or Blue): How Party Identity Colors Political Cognition
Goggin, S. N., & Theodoridis, A. G. (2018) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2018-0006 · Cited by 7
Mason, L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197541302.013.23 · Cited by 8
Beautiful Strangers: Physical Evaluation of Strangers Is Influenced by Friendship Expectation
Kononov, N., & Ein‐Gar, D. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231180150 · Cited by 6
“When participants experienced an ideological dissimilarity with another person, they evaluated that person as less attractive (Mallinas et al., 2018; Nicholson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundChan, L. S. (2023) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2023.2290496 · Cited by 6
“…is likely to have greater trust in someone with similar political orientations and to find them more physically attractive (Hernandez & Sarge, 2020; Nicholson et al., 2016). individuals whose romantic targets do not share their political beliefs have been found to experience increased…”
How China’s image affects Chinese products in a partisan-motivated US market
Yang, C. (2020) · Global Media and China · doi:10.1177/2059436420922702 · Cited by 7
Rhetorical strategies and emotions in political marketing management
Ortigueira-Sánchez, L. C., & Cárdenas-Egúsquiza, A. L. (2019) · Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración · doi:10.1108/arla-02-2019-0053 · Cited by 6
Context, Perception, and Intergroup Relations
Enos, R. D. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1215218 · Cited by 6
How Cross-Cutting Ties Reduce Affective Polarization: Evidence from Latino Americans
Jin, R., Klar, S., Neuner, F. G., & Ramirez, M. D. (2025) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-025-10019-5 · Cited by 5
Partnering with Partisans: The Importance of Party Identity for Long-Term Partner Preferences
Orth, T., & Joyner, K. (2025) · The Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89737-5_7 · Cited by 6
McMurtrie, B. L., Roemer, A., Philipp, M. C., Hebden, R. T., & Williams, M. N. (2025) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.1052 · Cited by 6
Perceiver and target partisanship shift facial trustworthiness effects on likability
Malloy, C. S., Hughes, C. S., & Cassidy, B. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33307-8 · Cited by 7
“Extending work showing that partisan labels polarize impressions of partisan faces 10–12 , partisan labels shifted the positive relation between facial trustworthiness and evaluated likability.”
InfluentialGroup membership moderates the process of making trust judgments based on facial cues
Shen, J., Han, S., Shen, X., White, K. R. G., Guo, Z., Xu, Q., Zhang, L., & Yaping, Y. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1939249 · Cited by 5
“For example, in-group faces are more likely to be evaluated positively, while out-group faces are perceived negatively (Weisbuch & Ambady, 2008; Paulus & Wentura, 2018), and political partisans rate individuals as more physically attractive when told they preferred the same political candidates as themselves, implying…”
BackgroundResponse Decoupling and Partisans' Evaluations of Politicians' Transgressions
Yair, O., & Schaffner, B. F. (2022) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09796-0 · Cited by 6
“…items in public opinion surveys, including responses to factual questions (e.g., Bar-tels, 2002; Bullock et al., 2015) and subjective assessments such as the severity of a corruption case (e.g., Anduiza et al., 2013; Wagner et al., 2014) and physical attractiveness (e.g., Nicholson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundYu, X., Wojcieszak, M., & Casas, A. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/rhmb9 · Cited by 5
The Political Power of Negative Motivations
Goodliffe, J., Magleby, D. B., & Scanlan, J. (2025) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-025-10016-8 · Cited by 4
“Partisans may even be less likely to find members of the opposite party attractive (Nicholson et al. 2016 ).”
Partisan discrimination without explicit partisan cues
Lyons, J., & Utych, S. (2022) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.6491 · Cited by 6
How warm are political interactions? A new measure of affective fractionalization
Hudde, A., Horne, W., Adams, J., & Gidron, N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294401 · Cited by 6
Perceptions of political leaders
Schmitz, J. D., & Murray, G. R. (2017) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/pls.2017.22 · Cited by 4
Political Opposites Do Not Attract: The Effects of Ideological Dissimilarity on Impression FormationPreprint
Mallinas, S. R., Crawford, J. T., & Cole, S. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p3j8v · Cited by 4
Affective polarization and strategic voting in Britain
Down, I., & Han, K.-J. (2025) · Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2024.2337422 · Cited by 2
“…attachment to political parties influences many aspects of non-political behavior, such as finding dating partners (Huber and Malhotra 2017; Nicholson et al. 2016), finding friends (Chopik and Motyl 2016), purchasing goods (McConnell et al. 2018), and employing workers (Gift and Gift…”
HOBOLT, S. B., & Tilley, J. R. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780198911746.001.0001 · Cited by 6
Saville, C. W. N., Mann, R., Lockard, A. S., Bark-Connell, A., Gabuljah, S. G., Young, A. M., & Thomas, D. R. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117022 · Cited by 3
Do Partisans Make Different Investment Decisions When Their Party is in Power?
Krupenkin, M., Hill, S., & Rothschild, D. M. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-023-09883-w · Cited by 3
Political orientation and moral judgment of sexual misconduct
Niemi, L., Stanley, M. L., Kljajić, M., You, Z. T., & Doris, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.9823 · Cited by 3
Do Political Beliefs Drive Environment Selection?
Santoro, L. R. (2022) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x221112394 · Cited by 4
“Political preferences also affect whom individuals rate as attractive (Nicholson et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPartisan niche construction: Out-party affect, geographic sorting, and mate selection
Arreguin, C. (2023) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/pls.2023.19 · Cited by 3
“Other research has found that partisan cues influence perceptions of attractiveness (Nicholson et al., 2016), and such results have been replicated under a variety of experimental design choices (Easton & Holbein, 2021).”
BackgroundFulton, S. A., Arceneaux, K., Bilsback, B., Pedraza, F. I., & Nicholson, S. P. (2025) · Journal of Women Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2024.2385219 · Cited by 2
“…a larger role with the rise of affective polarization and negative partisanship, a growing disdain partisans show for the other party relative to their own (Bankert 2023; Druckman et al. 2024; Iyengar, Sood, and Lelkes 2012; Martherus et al. 2021; Mason 2015; Nicholson 2012; Nicholson et al. 2016).”
Self-citationAn Open Mind or a Big Heart: Possible Routes to Reducing In-Group Bias
Arceneaux, K., & Wielen, R. J. V. (2025) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1080/10584609.2025.2493705 · Cited by 2
“…level, out-partisan antipathy motivates prejudice toward opposing partisans in nonpolitical contexts (e.g., Carlin & Love, 2016; Iyengar & Westwood, 2015; Nicholson et al., 2016), and causes some partisans to go so far as to dehumanize opposing partisans (Cassese, 2020; Martherus et al., 2021).”
Hudde, A., Horne, W., Adams, J., & Gidron, N. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/y8t5b · Cited by 2
‘Sleeping With the Enemy’: Partisan Sorting in Online DatingPreprint
Sleiman, Y., Melios, G., & Dolan, P. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4589420 · Cited by 2
The limits of Brexit prejudice
Phillips, J. B., & Stoeckel, F. (2025) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70037 · Cited by 1
“…provides little guidance, as it shows both in-party favoritism (Amira et al., 2021; Lelkes & Westwood, 2017; Luttig, 2017; McConnell et al., 2018; Nicholson et al., 2016) and out-party animus (Amira et al., 2021; Iyengar & Krupenkin, 2018; Iyengar & Westwood, 2015; Lelkes & Westwood, 2017;…”
de Jesus, G. C., Homan, M. D., Petalas, D. P., Bakker, B. N., Bathelt, J., & Schumacher, G. (2025) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2025.2532469 · Cited by 3
“…primer for partisan biases, as has been shown in studies where in-/out-party faces induced differences in emotion processing (Bakker, Schumacher, & Homan, 2020; Homan et al., 2023) and trait evaluations (e.g., attractiveness) (Mallinas et al., 2018; Nicholson et al., 2016; Zabinski & Bolsen, 2017).”
“Sleeping with the enemy”: partisanship and tolerance in online dating
Sleiman, Y., Melios, G., & Dolan, P. (2025) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2025.10011 · Cited by 1
Facial characteristics and electoral success: Evidence from the Czech Senate elections
Kotrba, V., & Hnídková, L. (2025) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.70035 · Cited by 1
Cultural Polarization and Social Groups: The Case of Book Banning
Childress, C., Rawlings, C. M., & Maghbouleh, N. (2025) · International Journal of Politics Culture and Society · doi:10.1007/s10767-025-09545-1 · Cited by 1
de Zúñiga, H. G., Wang, R. Y., & Cheng, Z. (2025) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393251387282 · Cited by 1
“It ’ s suggested that out-party animosity is the bigger driving force than in-group favoritism behind affective polarization in the United States (Nicholson et al., 2016).”
Taflinger, S., & Hudde, A. (2026) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcag020 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Nicholson, S. P., Coe, C. M., Emory, J., & Song, A. V.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Merced (US)
- California State University, Stanislaus (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nicholson, Stephen P.
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2016-04-05
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 883-898
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W2326755378
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 33.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- physical attractiveness, partisan bias, in-group favoritism, out-group bias, social identity, gender differences, 2012 presidential election, political competition, interpersonal perception
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