Internet-Based Self-Help Intervention for ICD-11 Adjustment Disorder: Preliminary Findings
Abstract
Adjustment disorder is one of the most diagnosed mental disorders. However, there is a lack of studies of specialized internet-based psychosocial interventions for adjustment disorder. We aimed to analyze the outcomes of an internet-based unguided self-help psychosocial intervention BADI for adjustment disorder in a two armed randomized controlled trial with a waiting list control group. In total 284 adult participants were randomized in this study. We measured adjustment disorder as a primary outcome, and psychological well-being as a secondary outcome at pre-intervention (T1) and one month after the intervention (T2). We found medium effect size of the intervention for the completer sample on adjustment disorder symptoms. Intervention was effective for those participants who used it at least one time in 30-day period. Our results revealed the potential of unguided internet-based self-help intervention for adjustment disorder. However, high dropout rates in the study limits the generalization of the outcomes of the intervention only to completers.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous research on online UP and online interventions for AjD revealed a between-group effect size of d = 0.5 and a within-group effect size of d = 0.63.
“Previous research on an online UP intervention and online interventions for AjD has revealed a between-group effect size at the level of d = 0.5 and a within-group effect size at the level of d = 0.63 [42, 87].”
From Effectiveness and mediators of change of an online CBT intervention for students with adjustment disorder—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
Several studies of online therapeutic interventions for people with AjD have shown small to medium effect-size improvements in experimental groups.
“Several studies have been published assessing the effectiveness of online therapeutic interventions aimed at people with AjD. All were based on CBT principles. Their promising results show small to medium effect-size improvements in experimental groups [39–42].”
From Effectiveness and mediators of change of an online CBT intervention for students with adjustment disorder—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
In a Lithuanian self-guided CBT internet intervention for adjustment disorder, participants who engaged with the program at least once per 30-day period experienced reduction in symptoms and increase in quality of life.
“participants who engaged with the program at least once per 30-day period were found to experience reduction in their symptoms as well as increase in the quality of life (Eimontas et al., 2018).”
From ICBT program for improving informal caregiver well-being: A qualitative study (2021) · cites this paper as Eimontas et al., 2018
Preliminary results on engagement in the BADI modular intervention for adjustment disorder showed a dropout rate of more than 80% in the intervention condition.
“Preliminary results on the engagement in the BADI modular intervention for AjD showed a dropout rate of more than 80% in the intervention condition [29].”
From An internet-based intervention for adjustment disorder (TAO): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2018) · cites this paper as [29]
BADI preliminary positive findings were published, but high dropout rates were identified as the primary limitation and were attributed to its modular and unguided format.
“Preliminary positive findings were recently published for a BADI intervention [29]. However, the high dropout rates were identified as the primary limitation of the intervention, and they were attributed to its modular and unguided format.”
From An internet-based intervention for adjustment disorder (TAO): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2018) · cites this paper as [29]
Cites
The WHO-5 well-being index: A systematic review of the literature
Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000376585 · Cited by 4,708 · see citing works
Eysenbach, G. (2005) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7.1.e11 · Cited by 2,524 · see citing works
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Schroevers, M. J., & Somsen, G. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9136-5 · Cited by 2,487 · see citing works
Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs
Morris, S. B. (2008) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106291059 · Cited by 2,133 · see citing works
Eysenbach, G., & CONSORT-EHEALTH Group (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1923 · Cited by 1,863 · see citing works
Barak, A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M., & Shapira, N. (2008) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228830802094429 · Cited by 1,283 · see citing works
Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11
Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., et al. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20057 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Karyotaki, E., Riper, H., Twisk, J., Hoogendoorn, A., Kleiboer, A., Mira, A., Mackinnon, A., Meyer, B., Botella, C., Littlewood, E., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0044 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Computer‐Aided Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Meta‐Analytic Review
Cuijpers, P., Marks, I. M., van Straten, A., Cavanagh, K., Gega, L., & Andersson, G. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070802694776 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Bailey, K., Hayden, J. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011565.pub2 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Berger, T., Hämmerli, K., Gubser, N., Andersson, G., & Caspar, F. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.616531 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Korten, A. E., Brittliffe, K., & Groves, C. (2004) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6.4.e46 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
What Makes Internet Therapy Work?
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Berger, T., Almlöv, J., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902916400 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Farvolden, P., Denisoff, E., Selby, P., Bagby, R. M., & Rudy, L. (2005) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7.1.e7 · Cited by 223 · cited 1× · see citing works
“High dropout rates are not unusual in RCTs on unguided internet-based interventions [10, 28, 29].”
BackgroundWork-focused treatment of common mental disorders and return to work: A comparative outcome study.
Lagerveld, S. E., Blonk, R. W. B., Brenninkmeijer, V., Meij, L. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027049 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Sijbrandij, M., Kunovski, I., & Cuijpers, P. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22533 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Verheijden, M. W., Jans, M. P., Hildebrandt, V. H., & Hopman-Rock, M. (2007) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9.1.e1 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Evans, S. C., Reed, G. M., Roberts, M. C., Esparza, P., Watts, A., Correia, J., Ritchie, P. L. ‐., Maj, M., & Saxena, S. (2013) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2013.804189 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., Bailey, K., Hayden, J. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011565 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Adjustment Disorder–New Module 20 as a Screening Instrument: Cluster Analysis and Cut-off Values
Lorenz, L., Bachem, R., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2016) · The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.15171/ijoem.2016.775 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Kleiboer, A. M., Donker, T., Seekles, W., van Straten, A., Riper, H. M., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.013 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Kazlauskas, E., Gegieckaitė, G., Eimontas, J., Želvienė, P., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2018) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000484415 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationLewis, C. E., Farewell, D., Groves, V., Kitchiner, N. J., Roberts, N. P., Vick, T., & Bisson, J. I. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22645 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Stein, D. J. (2015) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-015-0176-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Baltierra, N., Muessig, K. E., Pike, E. C., LeGrand, S., Bull, S. S., & Hightow‐Weidman, L. (2015) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2015.12.015 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Bachem, R., & Maercker, A. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1191083 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Želvienė, P., Kazlauskas, E., Eimontas, J., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationAdjustment Disorders Are Uniquely Suited for eHealth Interventions: Concept and Case Study
Maercker, A., Bachem, R. C., Lorenz, L., Moser, C. T., & Berger, T. (2015) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.4157 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Skruibis, P., Eimontas, J., Dovydaitiene, M., Mazulyte, E., Zelviene, P., & Kazlauskas, E. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0980-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationCounseling in Primary Care Improves Depression and Quality of Life
Mg, C., Петретто, Д. Р., Adamo, S., Bhat, K., Lecca, M., Mura, G., Carta, V., Angermeyer, M. C., & Moro, M. F. (2012) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901208010152 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Therapist-delivered distance cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults
Olthuis, J. V., Watt, M. C., & Stewart, S. H. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009028 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions to improve mental wellbeing
van Agteren, J., Iasiello, M., Lo, L., Bartholomaeus, J., Kopsaftis, Z., Carey, M., & Kyrios, M. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01093-w · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Adjustment Disorder: Current Developments and Future Directions
O'Donnell, M., Agathos, J. A., Metcalf, O., Gibson, K., & Lau, W. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142537 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sin, J., Galeazzi, G. M., McGregor, E., Collom, J., Taylor, A. F., Barrett, B. M., Lawrence, V. C., & Henderson, C. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20581 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Svärdman, F., Sjöwall, D., & Lindsäter, E. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100553 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Želvienė, P., Kazlauskas, E., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1708617 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive mental health and adjustment following life-stressors among young adults
Truskauskaitė-Kunevičienė, I., Kazlauskas, E., Ostreikaite-Jurevice, R., Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00714-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationKazlauskas, E., & Quero, S. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000706 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationZIEL: Internet-Based Self-Help for Adjustment Problems: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Moser, C., Bachem, R., Berger, T., & Maercker, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101655 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Marco, J. H., Alonso, S., & Baños, R. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2506 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
ICBT program for improving informal caregiver well-being: A qualitative study
Biliunaite, I., Dumarkaite, A., Kazlauskas, E., Sanderman, R., & Andersson, G. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100361 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationRachyla, I., Pérez-Ara, M., Molés, M., Campos, D., Mira, A., Botella, C., & Quero, S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1751-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Preliminary positive findings were recently published for a BADI intervention [29].”
BackgroundKazlauskas, E., Eimontas, J., Olff, M., Želvienė, P., & Andersson, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00137 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationTherapeutic Interventions for Adjustment Disorder: A Systematic Review
Constantin, D.-A., Dinu, E. A., Rogozea, L. M., Burtea, V., & Leaşu, F.-G. (2020) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000001170 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Leterme, A., Béhal, H., Demarty, A., Barasino, O., Rougegrez, L., Labreuche, J., Duhamel, A., Vaiva, G., & Servant, D. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100329 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A guided Internet‐delivered intervention for adjustment disorders: A randomized controlled trial
Rachyla, I., Mor, S., Cuijpers, P. J., Botella, C., Castilla, D., & Quero, S. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2518 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quero, S., Rachyla, I., Molés, M., Mor, S., Tur, C., Cuijpers, P. J., López-Montoyo, A., & Botella, C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203842 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The 12-month course of ICD-11 adjustment disorder in the context of involuntary job loss
Lorenz, L., Maercker, A. R. A., & Bachem, R. (2020) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.v2i3.3027 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Eimontas, J., Pakalniškienė, V., Biliūnaitė, I., & Andersson, G. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05903-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationAbe, K., Daniūnaitė, I., Truskauskaitė-Kunevičienė, I., Sugimura, K., Zelviene, P., Hihara, S., Kamite, Y., & Kazlauskas, E. (2022) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci12091172 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationCowansage, K. K., Milligan, T., Morgan, M. A., Boyd, C. C., Bellanti, D. M., Nair, R., Shank, L. M., Smolenski, D. J., Evatt, D. P., & Kelber, M. S. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116739 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Course of ICD-11 Adjustment Disorder Symptom Profiles: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study
Kazlauskas, E., Elklit, A., & Truskauskaitė‐Kunevičienė, I. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000525630 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of an internet-based intervention for adjustment disorder on meaning in life and enjoyment
Quero, S., Palau-Batet, M., Tur, C., Mor, S., Campos, D., Rachyla, I., Grimaldos, J., & Marco, J. H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03177-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Levin, Y., Bachem, R., Goodwin, R. B., Hamama‐Raz, Y., Leshem, E., & Ben‐Ezra, M. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.588 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cardiac disease-induced trauma and stress-related disorders
Princip, M., Ledermann, K., Altwegg, R., & von Känel, R. (2024) · Herz · doi:10.1007/s00059-024-05255-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Charak, R., Cano-González, I., Shevlin, M. E., Ben‐Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2021) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000311 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Validation of the Italian Version of the Web Screening Questionnaire for Common Mental Disorders
Pietrabissa, G., Semonella, M., Marchesi, G., Mannarini, S., Castelnuovo, G., Andersson, G., & Rossi, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13041170 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
University Students' Life Stressors and Mental Health in Georgia and German-Speaking Switzerland
Bachem, R., Makhashvili, N., Maercker, A. R. A., Javakhishvili, J. D., Aeschlimann, A., Pilauri, K., Latibashvili, T., Levin, Y., & Shengelia, N. (2023) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1027/2157-3891/a000067 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fernández-Buendía, S., Miguel, C., Dumarkaitė, A., Kazlauskas, E., Cuijpers, P. J., & Quero, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.059 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationJuszczyk-Kalina, A., Holas, P., & Farchione, T. J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07744-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Their promising results show small to medium effect-size improvements in experimental groups [39–42].”
BackgroundInfluentialSapkota, R. P., Peynenburg, V. A., Dear, B. F., Titov, N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100561 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Therapy of the Adjustment Disorder
Baumeister, H., Bachem, R., & Domhardt, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64057-9_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gao, L., Keller, F. M., Becker, P., Dahmen, A., & Lippke, S. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43584 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Semonella, M., Marchesi, G., Castelnuovo, G., Andersson, G., & Pietrabissa, G. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241258419 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Svärdman, F., Sjöwall, D., & Lindsäter, E. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e7cxd · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioral therapy and adjustment disorder
Quero, S., Fernández-Buendía, S., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85726-0.00038-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Care for the Caregiver : Internet intervention for informal caregivers in Lithuania
Biliūnaitė, I. (2022) · Linköping studies in behavioural science · doi:10.3384/9789179291877 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rachyla, I., Mor, S., Botella, C., Castilla, D., & Quero, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.931366 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A blended intervention for adjustment disorder: Study protocol for a feasibility trial
Fernández-Buendía, S., Cuijpers, P. J., Grimaldos, J., Díaz‐García, A., Palau-Batet, M., & Quero, S. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100715 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS (LITERATURE REVIEW)
PIDKORYTOV, V., & SKRYNNIK, O. (2025) · Ukrains kyi Visnyk Psykhonevrolohii · doi:10.36927/2079-0325-v33-is1-2025-13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mucha, J. (2014) · Prawo Asekuracyjne · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rivest‐Beauregard, M., Fortin, J., Gauthier, É., Lonergan, M. H., Brunet, A., & Ferrari, M. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10832 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bertuzzi, V., Semonella, M., Castelnuovo, G., Andersson, G., & Pietrabissa, G. (2023) · doi:10.2196/preprints.46692 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hegy, J. K., Brog, N. A., Berger, T., & Znoj, H. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/21200
Sapkota, R. P., Peynenburg, V. A., Dear, B. F., Titov, N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5634185/v1
(2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21835-4.00116-5
Lee, P., Nowakowski, J., & Elliott, G. (2026) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-026-00575-5
A blended intervention for adjustment disorder: Results from a feasibility trial
Fernández-Buendía, S., la Coba-Cañizares, L. D., Grimaldos, J., Castilla, D., Alonso-Guillén, S., Cuijpers, P. J., & Quero, S. (2026) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2026.100976
Juszczyk-Kalina, A., Farchione, T. J., Williams, A. L., & Holas, P. (2026) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2026.2720139
- Authors
- Eimontas, J., Rimsaite, Z., Gegieckaite, G., Zelviene, P., & Kazlauskas, E.
- Affiliations
- Vilnius University (LT)
- Corresponding author
- Eimontas, Jonas
- Venue
- Psychiatric Quarterly
- Published
- 2017-11-10
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 451-460
- ISSN
- 0033-2720 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6709
- OpenAlex
- W2767563396
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba (MIP-079/2014)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- adjustment disorder, internet-based self-help intervention, badi', ICD-11, psychological well-being, dropout, intervention effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Adjustment Disorders, Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Statistics, Nonparametric, Internet, International Classification of Diseases, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
