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Determinants of generalized trust: A cross-country comparison
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“imbued societal interactions with a nonhierarchical quality that allowed social trust to flourish [33,34]”
From Trust, transparency, and openness: How inclusion of cultural values shapes Nordic national public policy strategies for artificial intelligence (AI) (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Citations
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“According to Bjørnskov (2007), this is because a country’s citizens cannot have systematically biased beliefs about the trustworthiness of their fellows.”
BackgroundInfluentialKirs, P., & Bagchi, K. (2012) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.02.003 · Cited by 41
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“The averages arguably capture the trust levels in the population accurately; levels which are highly persistent over time (see for example Bjørnskov, 2007).”
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Laurent, É. (2009) · Revue de l'OFCE/La Revue de l'OFCE · doi:10.3917/reof.108.0005 · Cited by 34
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“3b, c), individualism remains positively and significantly related to venture-capital investments across different sets of income groups even when excluding large countries, such as the United States and China that account for 67.3% and 8.6% of total venture-capital volume in the sample, respectively.”
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“lead to increased inequality in society, which may result in decreased trust (Bjørnskov, 2007; Brück et al., 2020) among individuals who carry the heaviest burden of the outbreak and the countermeasures.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSocial Trust, Institution, and Economic Growth: Evidence from China
Cui, W. (2017) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2016.1264299 · Cited by 33
“Uslaner (2002), Bjornskov (2007), Sapienza, Toldra, and Zingales (2007), and Cox et al. (2009) have also proved the appropriateness of this measure from different perspectives. By the year of 2010, WVS has comprised four waves in China, separately in 1990, 1995, 2001, and 2007, with the sample size of 1000, 1500, 1000…”
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“Generalized trust is frequently seen as a rather inert institutional variable (e.g. Uslaner, 2002; Bjørnskov, 2007) that evolves only slowly over time.”
BackgroundKong, D. T. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0117-6 · Cited by 34
“This measure is a stable and reliable measure of the underlying concept (Bjørnskov 2006), predicting honesty (Neville 2012) and antisocial behavior (Uslaner 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCan trust effects on development be generalized? A response by quantile
Peiró‐Palomino, J., & Tortosa‐Ausina, E. (2013) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2013.09.008 · Cited by 33
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National culture and housing credit
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“However, social climates of trust need a long time to change [61].”
BackgroundTHE CRITICAL ROLE OF TRUST IN MICROFINANCE SUCCESS: IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
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Homo Economicus Belief Inhibits Trust
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“Russia) have experienced decreasing trust levels following the fall of the communist regimes, which has been regarded as the subsequence of income inequality by Bjørnskov [28].”
BackgroundInfluentialCulture, religion and social capital: evidence from European regions
Kaasa, A. (2015) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-11-2014-0110 · Cited by 31
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“These countries retain a cultural heritage from the communist era with clear social consequences – e.g., in the form of lower social trust and lower cooperation (see, e.g., Bjørnskov 2007; Helliwell and Huang 2008; Heineck and Süssmuth 2013; Bjørnskov and Tsai 2015).”
BackgroundUnderstanding trust across cultures: an empirical investigation
Thanetsunthorn, N., & Wuthisatian, R. (2019) · Review of International Business and Strategy · doi:10.1108/ribs-12-2018-0103 · Cited by 31
Religiosity and Trust: Evidence from the United States
Valente, R. R., & Okulicz‐Kozaryn, A. (2020) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1007/s13644-020-00437-8 · Cited by 41
“The effect of belonging to a hierarchical religious organization3 is negative (La Porta 1996; Zak and Knack 2001; Bjornskov 2007), although Brañas-Garza et al.”
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“While statistical tests were performed to help alleviate this concern, and the possible reason might be related to the low-trust society (Bjørnskov 2007) and CEOs’ general reluctance to respond to online questionnaires, replication studies are encouraged using other data collection techniques,…”
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“This strong association between generalised trust and socioeconomic status and ethnic homogeneity is in line with results from other studies (Bjørnskov, 2006; Delhey and Newton, 2005; Leigh, 2006; Zak and Knack, 2001).”
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“For example, Bjørnskov [64] and Rothstein and Uslaner [65] report that social trust is low in regions with large income inequality; Delhey and Newton [66] report that the occurrence of social conflicts and the sense of public unsafety reduce the level of social trust.”
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“…of these cases is common among both cross-national studies of homicide (e.g., Butchart and Engström 2002; Walter 2009) and social capital (e.g., Bjørnskov 2007, 2008; Uslaner 2002).11 Some further clarifications, descriptive statistics, and variable sources are given in Table 1, while…”
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“Country-level factors affecting trust have included income inequality, ethnic homogeneity, democracy and the proportion of Protestants (Delhey and Newton 2005; Rothstein and Uslaner 2005; Bjørnskov 2007).”
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“Consistent with previous research using a standardized generalized trust item from the World Values Survey (e.g., Bjørnskov, 2007; Delhey & Newton, 2005), our findings showed that Mainland China has a very high proportion of high trustors.”
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“We created one dummy for both of these, following Bjørnskov (2006) who makes a distinction between hierarchical traditions, such as these branches of Christianity, and non-hierarchical traditions like Protestantism.”
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“…attention to the roles of trust and entrepreneurship in promoting, inter alia, economic growth (Knack and Keefer 1997; Zak and Knack 2001; Acs 2006), total factor productivity (Bjørnskov 2007), innovation (Doh and Acs 2010), and life satisfaction (Helliwell 2003; Clark and Drinkwater 1998).”
BackgroundAlfano, V., Capasso, S., Ercolano, S., & Goel, R. K. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114958 · Cited by 25
“At the same time, previous findings in the literature suggest that cultural traits persist for surprisingly long periods of time at a national level (Bjørnskov, 2007), and thus we should not be overly worried about the representativeness of these values.”
A gene-dependent climatoeconomic model of generalized trust
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“This result can be interpreted as all countries lying on the downward sloping part of an inverted u-function. data (Uslaner, 2002; Bjørnskov, 2005b).”
The Growth Effects of Institutional InstabilityPreprint
Bergh, A., Berggren, N., & Bjørnskov, C. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1420876 · Cited by 25
Generalized Social Trust and International Dispute Settlement
Justwan, F., & Fisher, S. K. (2016) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2017.1257490 · Cited by 24
Political party preference and social trust in four Nordic countries
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Civic honesty and cultures of trust
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Bribery and Corruption in Weak Institutional Environments
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Religiosity and social trust: evidence from Canada
Dilmaghani, M. (2016) · Review of Social Economy · doi:10.1080/00346764.2016.1186820 · Cited by 24
“Bjørnskov (2007) finds no statistically significant effect for Protestantism while reporting some evidence for positive effect of hinduism and Buddhism.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSocial Capital in K orea: Relational Capital, Trust, and Transparency
Yee, J. (2015) · International Journal of Japanese Sociology · doi:10.1111/ijjs.12035 · Cited by 24
Traunmüller, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-18924-6_37 · Cited by 24
Aasland, A., Grødeland, Å. B., & Pleines, H. (2012) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.635897 · Cited by 23
“Studies among members of the public in Central and Eastern Europe have identified relatively low levels for all kinds of trust (Bjørnskov 2006).”
BackgroundVallier, K. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190887223.003.0008 · Cited by 23
The Cultures of Risk TolerancePreprint
Statman, M. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1647086 · Cited by 23
Trust and attitudes toward income inequality: Does individualism matter?
Dutta, N., & Sobel, R. S. (2022) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2022.102351 · Cited by 22
The relationship between culture and entrepreneurship: the role of Trust
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“It results when a community shares a set of moral values that create regular expectations of honest behavior toward others (Bjørnskov, 2007 ).”
BackgroundTrust and Ethnic Fractionalization: The Importance of Religion as a Cross‐Cutting Dimension
Finseraas, H., & Jakobsson, N. (2012) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2012.00541.x · Cited by 22
Trust in Financial Institutions: A SurveyPreprint
van der Cruijsen, C. A. B., de Haan, J., & Roerink, R. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3677835 · Cited by 22
Inequality, perception biases and trust
Knell, M., & Stix, H. (2021) · The Journal of Economic Inequality · doi:10.1007/s10888-021-09490-x · Cited by 22
The importance of trust distance on stock market correlation: Evidence from emerging economics
Liu, Y. (2019) · Borsa Istanbul Review · doi:10.1016/j.bir.2019.08.002 · Cited by 21
The Coherence of Liberal Nationalism
Miller, D. E. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198842545.003.0002 · Cited by 22
Does social trust speed up reforms? The case of central-bank independence
Berggren, N., Daunfeldt, S., & Hellström, J. (2015) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137415000284 · Cited by 21
“Our explanatory variable of main interest is social trust, the share of the population that answers ‘yes’ to the first part of the question: ‘In general, do you think most people can be trusted or can’t you be too careful?’ Similar to Bjørnskov (2007), we use the average of all available observations in the World Valu…”
MethodPublic confidence in government: empirical implications from a developing democracy
Aydın-Çakır, A., & Cenker‐Özek, C. I. (2012) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512111417027 · Cited by 21
Effect of trust on financial market participation: evidence from China
Cui, W., & Yong-li, Z. (2020) · Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy · doi:10.1080/13547860.2020.1744924 · Cited by 21
The Impact of Religious Identity and Social Orientations on Visual Arts Appreciation
van Eijck, K. (2011) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcr006 · Cited by 21
How Do Institutions Affect Happiness and Misery? A Tale of Two Tails
Bjørnskov, C., & Tsai, M. (2015) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-12341346 · Cited by 20
Institutions, culture, and open source
Engelhardt, S. V., & Freytag, A. (2013) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.08.012 · Cited by 20
Social Capital and Credit Cooperative Banks
Catturani, I., Kalmi, P., & Stefani, M. L. (2016) · Economic Notes · doi:10.1111/ecno.12058 · Cited by 20
Pjesivac, I. (2016) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699016674185 · Cited by 21
“Eastern Europe is of interest for studying two opposing explanations as it represents the region where these theories have not been tested together on news media, but where, nonetheless, cultural factor was assumed to dominate in influencing people’s attitudes and behaviors throughout the history (e.g., Aasland, Grode…”
BackgroundTrust in the Bayou City: Do Racial Segregation and Discrimination Matter for Generalized Trust?
Douds, K. W., & Wu, J. (2017) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649217717741 · Cited by 21
Berggren, N., & Bjørnskov, C. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1478445 · Cited by 20
“…the inclusion of religiosity entirely swallows any clear effects of religious denominations found in previous studies (Berggren and Jordahl, 2006; Bjørnskov, 2007); the religion indicators fail being jointly significant by a large margin and thus provide no additional information (F = .89).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOn the overthrow or endurance of kings
Tridimas, G. (2015) · Constitutional Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s10602-015-9199-x · Cited by 19
“21 For similar arguments that the crown may provide a degree of social stability, easing tensions, and offering a role model to the society see Bjørnskov (2006) and Bjørnskov and Kurrild-Klitgaard (2014).”
BackgroundTrust, Happiness, and Pro-Social Behavior
Carattini, S., & Roesti, M. (2020) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01303 · Cited by 19
Who Trusts the Bank of England and High Street Banks in Britain?
Farrell, L., Fry, J. M., & Fry, T. R. L. (2018) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2020.1854448 · Cited by 19
Herreros, F. (2022) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051921-102842 · Cited by 19
The Macro Perspective on Generalized Trust
Paldam, M. (2009) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781848447486.00033 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Bjørnskov, C.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Bjørnskov, Christian
- ORCID
- Bjørnskov, Christian
- Venue
- Public Choice
- Published
- 2006-09-15
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 1-21
- ISSN
- 0048-5829 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7101
- OpenAlex
- W2100726744
- Cited by
- 969
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 44.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Public Choice (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Capital and Networks
- Social Sciences › Development › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Corruption and Economic Development
- Keywords
- generalized trust, determinants of trust, social polarization, income inequality, ethnic diversity, Protestantism, monarchy, post-communist societies, cross-national comparison, trust measurement, endogeneity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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