The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anti-luck epistemology
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“To say that a belief is safe is to say that the belief couldn't easily have been false .”
From The Epistemic Cost of Opacity: How the Use of Artificial Intelligence Undermines the Knowledge of Medical Doctors in High-Stakes Contexts (2025) · cites this paper as Pritchard, 2007
Citations
Cites
(2000) · Cited by 5,055
Williamson, T. L. (2002) · doi:10.1093/019925656x.001.0001 · Cited by 2,788
American Philosophical Quarterly
(2024) · American Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.5406/21521123.61.4.08 · Cited by 2,341
Zagzebski, L. T. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174763 · Cited by 2,303
Wittgenstein, L. (1969) · Cited by 2,146
Goldman, A. I., & Nozick, R. (1983) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184523 · Cited by 2,056
Plantinga, A. (1993) · doi:10.1093/0195078640.001.0001 · Cited by 1,703
Lewis, D. (1996) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048409612347521 · Cited by 1,450
Hawthorne, J. (2003) · doi:10.1093/0199269556.001.0001 · Cited by 1,333
SMITH, D. P. (2005) · Philosophical Books · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0149.2005.0360c.x · Cited by 1,295
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Harman G. (1973). Thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 408
Knowledge from Falsehood, Ignorance of Necessary Truths, and Safety
Zhao, B. (2021) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-021-00410-x · Cited by 17
Pritchard, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108666404.010 · Cited by 17
Self-citationHetherington, S. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009092203 · Cited by 17
Greco, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108666404.006 · Cited by 17
Explanation in Ethics and Mathematics: Debunking and Dispensability
Faraci, D. N. S. (2018) · Analysis · doi:10.1093/analys/any019 · Cited by 17
The Gettier Problem and the Program of Analysis
Rysiew, P. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316827413.012 · Cited by 16
Stratified Virtue Epistemology
Carter, J. A. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009067546 · Cited by 16
Safety, Sensitivity and “Distant” Epistemic Luck
Freitag, W. (2013) · Theoria · doi:10.1111/theo.12011 · Cited by 16
Assertion and belief without knowledge
McGlynn, A. (2010) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 15
What’s Wrong with Modal Conceptions of Luck and Risk
Yang, D. (2019) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-019-00131-4 · Cited by 15
Broncano‐Berrocal, F. (2019) · Philosophical Issues · doi:10.1111/phis.12139 · Cited by 15
In Defence of the Acquaintance Principle in Aesthetics
Sauchelli, A. (2023) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2023.50 · Cited by 15
Should We Discourage AI Extension? Epistemic Responsibility and AI
Naeem, H., & Hauser, J. (2024) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-024-00774-4 · Cited by 15
Atkinson, D., & Peijnenburg, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58295-5 · Cited by 15
Schmidt, E., Putora, P. M., & Fijten, R. (2025) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-024-00834-9 · Cited by 14
“In recent decades, Safety has been the focus of much discussion (Pritchard, 2007; Sosa, 1999 ).”
Knowledge Is Extrinsically Apt Belief
Meylan, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108666404.008 · Cited by 13
Epistemic Closure, Necessary Truths, and Safety
Zhao, B. (2022) · American Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.5406/21521123.59.4.05 · Cited by 13
Carter, J. A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191982460.003.0009 · Cited by 13
Inductive knowledge and lotteries: Could one explain both ‘safely’?
Zhao, H., & Baumann, P. (2020) · Ratio · doi:10.1111/rati.12296 · Cited by 12
Pritchard, D. (2021) · Acta Analytica · doi:10.1007/s12136-021-00489-7 · Cited by 12
Self-citationThe Sensitivity Response to the Gettier Problem
Becker, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316827413.009 · Cited by 12
Two Notions of SafetyPreprint
Dutant, J. (2010) · Swiss Philosophical Preprint Series · doi:10.48106/spps.00096 · Cited by 12
Pritchard, D. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781119030614.ch8 · Cited by 12
Self-citationA Defense of Explanationism against Recent Objections
Bogardus, T., & Perrin, W. (2023) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2023.42 · Cited by 11
Kelp, C. (2014) · Philosophical Issues · doi:10.1111/phis.12032 · Cited by 11
A modal theory of discrimination
Melchior, G. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02747-4 · Cited by 11
Experimental Epistemology and “Gettier” Cases
Turri, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316827413.014 · Cited by 11
A normative account of epistemic luck
Goldberg, S. C. (2019) · Philosophical Issues · doi:10.1111/phis.12143 · Cited by 10
How to Play the Lottery Safely?
Zhao, H. (2020) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2020.44 · Cited by 10
Blome‐Tillmann, M. (2020) · Belgrade Philosophical Annual · doi:10.5937/bpa2033025b · Cited by 10
Whiting, D. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192893956.001.0001 · Cited by 10
Safety and the True–True Problem
Cogburn, J., & Roland, J. W. (2012) · Pacific philosophical quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0114.2012.01454.x · Cited by 10
Pritchard, D. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9781444315837.ch2 · Cited by 10
Self-citationIn defence of the modal account of legal risk
Pritchard, D. (2022) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03693-z · Cited by 9
Self-citationKelp, C., & Greco, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108666404 · Cited by 9
Modal and Anti-Luck Epistemology
Black, T. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203839065.ch18 · Cited by 9
The unity and scope of knowledge
Pavese, C. (2013) · doi:10.7282/t3r49ntb · Cited by 8
Knowledge-how and epistemic luck
(2018) · Bloomsbury Methuen Drama eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781474218849.0006 · Cited by 8
Anti-Luck Epistemology and Safety’s (Recent) Discontents
Carter, J. A. (2009) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-009-9219-z · Cited by 8
NO SAFE HAVEN FOR THE VIRTUOUS
Hirvelä, J. (2018) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2018.15 · Cited by 8
Virtue‐Theoretic Responses to Skepticism
Axtell, G. S. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.003.0026 · Cited by 8
The Principle of StabilityPreprint
Fletcher, S. C. (2020) · PhilSci-Archive (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 8
Pinillos, N. Á. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198871965.001.0001 · Cited by 9
From Epistemic Anti-Individualism to Intellectual Humility
Kallestrup, J., & Pritchard, D. (2016) · Res Philosophica · doi:10.11612/resphil.2016.93.3.2 · Cited by 7
Self-citationFOLK INTUITIONS AND THE NO-LUCK-THESIS
Ziółkowski, A. (2015) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2015.49 · Cited by 7
Zhao, H. (2019) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02501-5 · Cited by 7
Memory, Knowledge, and Epistemic Luck
Lai, C. (2021) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqab064 · Cited by 6
Remembering is not a kind of knowing
Lai, C. (2022) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03814-8 · Cited by 6
Hirvelä, J. (2018) · Grazer Philosophische Studien · doi:10.1163/18756735-000033 · Cited by 6
A Computational Learning Semantics for Inductive Empirical Knowledge
Kelly, K. T. (2014) · Outstanding contributions to logic · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06025-5_11 · Cited by 6
Internalism in the Epistemology of Testimony Redux
Madison, B. J. C. (2015) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-015-9765-7 · Cited by 6
Hirvelä, J. (2024) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12516 · Cited by 5
The Gettier Illusion, the Tripartite Analysis, and the Divorce Thesis
Booth, A. R. (2013) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-013-9526-4 · Cited by 5
Vectors of epistemic insecurity
Sullivan, E., & Alfano, M. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315146058-11 · Cited by 5
The safe, the sensitive, and the severely tested: a unified account
Gardiner, G., & Zaharatos, B. (2022) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-022-03731-w · Cited by 5
The Gettier Problem and Epistemic Luck
Pritchard, D. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316827413.008 · Cited by 5
Self-citationZhao, H. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1881-x · Cited by 5
Milburn, J. (2014) · Metaphilosophy · doi:10.1111/meta.12108 · Cited by 5
Epistemic Closure and Post-Gettier Epistemology of Reasoning
de Almeida, C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316827413.004 · Cited by 5
How to stay safe while extending the mind
Hirvelä, J. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-018-01920-0 · Cited by 4
Revisiting Amodal Completion and Knowledge
Zhao, H. (2019) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-019-00150-z · Cited by 4
Knowledge from Non-Knowledge: Inference, Testimony and Memory
Luzzi, F. (2019) · Cited by 4
Knowledge and Virtue: Response to Kelp
Pritchard, D. (2009) · International Journal of Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1080/09672550903165811 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSafety and dream scepticism in Sosa’s epistemology
Carter, J. A., & Cowan, R. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04577-0 · Cited by 3
Anti-luck epistemology and pragmatic encroachment
Pritchard, D. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02703-2 · Cited by 3
Self-citationGrounding, Understanding, and Explanation
Siscoe, R. W. (2021) · Pacific philosophical quarterly · doi:10.1111/papq.12391 · Cited by 3
Brys, W. (2023) · Dao companions to Chinese philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27620-0_25 · Cited by 3
Hill, S. (2015) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-015-9760-z · Cited by 3
An Epistemic Condition for Playing a Game
Schwengerer, L. (2018) · Sport Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511321.2018.1515977 · Cited by 3
First-Class and Coach-Class Knowledge
Paulson, S. (2023) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2023.5 · Cited by 3
No Luck in the Distance: A Reply to Freitag
Broncano‐Berrocal, F. (2015) · Theoria · doi:10.1111/theo.12078 · Cited by 3
Epistemic Supervenience, Anti-individualism, and Knowledge-First Epistemology
Kallestrup, J., Gordon, E. C., & Pritchard, D. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0010 · Cited by 3
Self-citationThe Gettier Problem and Fallibilism
Anderson, C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316827413.003 · Cited by 3
Meta-epistemological Skepticism
Ranalli, C. (2017) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0342 · Cited by 3
Becker, K. (2010) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0139 · Cited by 3
Interest-Relative Invariantism and Indifference Problems
Coss, D. (2017) · Acta Analytica · doi:10.1007/s12136-017-0335-2 · Cited by 2
Farewell to the modal theory of luck
He, C. (2025) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12548 · Cited by 2
Safety, Lotteries, and Failures of the Imagination
Ochoa, A. (2025) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2024.64 · Cited by 2
Generative AI is untrustworthy
Pritchard, D. (2026) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-026-05755-y · Cited by 2
Self-citation“That is just what they want you to believe”: A modest defence of Marxist paranoia
Yaouzis, N. O. (2018) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/ejop.12335 · Cited by 2
Safety and Unawareness of Error-Possibility
Zhao, H. (2021) · Philosophical Papers · doi:10.1080/05568641.2021.1947155 · Cited by 2
de Grefte, J. (2022) · Argumentation · doi:10.1007/s10503-022-09578-2 · Cited by 2
Why Dreaming Worlds aren’t Nearby Possible Worlds
Simpson, J. R. (2023) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqad023 · Cited by 2
Paulson, S. (2023) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2023.14 · Cited by 2
Agentive Modals and Agentive Modality
Kearl, T. R., & Wallace, R. H. (2024) · American Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.5406/21521123.61.2.04 · Cited by 2
Knowledge Versus Understanding: What Drives Moral Progress?
Bodlović, P., & Kudlek, K. (2024) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-024-10465-w · Cited by 2
Anti-Luck Virtue Epistemology and Divine Revelation
Bobier, C. A. (2013) · Philosophia · doi:10.1007/s11406-013-9514-6 · Cited by 2
Classical Invariantism and the Puzzle of Fallibilism
Kelp, C. (2008) · The Southern Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2008.tb00077.x · Cited by 2
Advice for Infallibilists: DIVORCE and RETREAT!
Booth, A. R. (2017) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-017-1421-0 · Cited by 2
Knowledge from Non-Knowledge in Inference, Testimony and Memory
Luzzi, F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108649278.007 · Cited by 2
Pritchard’s Epistemology and Necessary Truths
Roland, J. W., & Cogburn, J. (2022) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-022-00636-5 · Cited by 2
Foley's Threshold View of Belief and The Safety Condition on Knowledge
Shaffer, M. J. (2018) · Metaphilosophy · doi:10.1111/meta.12312 · Cited by 2
The Self-Hollowing Problem of the Radical Sceptical Paradox
Lai, C. (2018) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-018-0076-7 · Cited by 2
An Externalist Decision Theory for a Pragmatic Epistemology 1
Kim, B. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315168197-5 · Cited by 2
A Probabilistic Approach to Epistemic Safety from the Perspective of Ascribers
Xu, Y. (2020) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2020.7 · Cited by 2
Livengood, J., & Korman, D. Z. (2020) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.04.004 · Cited by 2
Epistemic Gradualism Versus Epistemic Absolutism
Lai, C. (2021) · Pacific philosophical quarterly · doi:10.1111/papq.12356 · Cited by 2
Sylvan, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108666404.011 · Cited by 1
False Beliefs and Misleading Evidence
Daoust, M. (2020) · Theoria · doi:10.1111/theo.12288 · Cited by 1
Close Error, Visual Perception, and Neural Phase: A Critique of the Modal Approach to Knowledge
Bricker, A. M. (2021) · Theoria · doi:10.1111/theo.12334 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Pritchard, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pritchard, Duncan
- ORCID
- Pritchard, Duncan
- Venue
- Synthese
- Published
- 2006-10-10
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 277-297
- ISSN
- 0039-7857 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0964
- OpenAlex
- W2092707543
- Cited by
- 408
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 47.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Synthese (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/D500494/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Keywords
- epistemic luck
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review