Blended-eLearning Improves Alcohol Use Care in Kenya: Pragmatic Randomized Control Trial Results and Parallel Qualitative Study Implications
Open accessAbstract
Alcohol use is the 5th most important risk factor contributing to the global burden of diseases, with stigma and a lack of trained health workers as the main barriers to adequate care. This study assesses the impact of providing blended-eLearning courses teaching the alcohol, smoking, and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST) screening and its linked brief intervention (BI). In public and private facilities, two randomized control trials (RCTs) showed large and similar decreases in alcohol use in those receiving the BI compared to those receiving only the ASSIST feedback. Qualitative findings confirm a meaningful reduction in alcohol consumption; decrease in stigma and significant practice change, suggesting lay health workers and clinicians can learn effective interventions through blended-eLearning; and significantly improve alcohol use care in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) context. In addition, our study provides insight into why lay health workers feedback led to a similar decrease in alcohol consumption compared to those who also received a BI by clinicians.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Single-session brief interventions resulted in reduced alcohol use at 6 months.
“Concerning alcohol use, single session BI resulted in reduced use at month 1 [50,54]; 6 weeks [72], 3 months [50,61–64], and 6 months [50,52,60,72].”
From A scoping review of substance use brief interventions in Africa (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that alcohol consumption decreased by more than 235 g/week at six months in all groups, including the brief-intervention group. But the Methods describe an offer of one or two follow-up visits, so this was not necessarily a single-session intervention. Results Table 3 also shows no significant six-month difference between brief intervention plus feedback and feedback alone; the reduction cannot be attributed specifically to the brief intervention. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSingle-session brief interventions resulted in reduced alcohol use at month 1.
“Concerning alcohol use, single session BI resulted in reduced use at month 1 [50,54]; 6 weeks [72], 3 months [50,61–64], and 6 months [50,52,60,72].”
From A scoping review of substance use brief interventions in Africa (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
Table 2 in Results > Changes in Alcohol Consumption over Time reports reduced alcohol consumption from baseline to month 1 in the feedback-plus-BI groups at both public and private facilities. But Methods > RCT Design and Procedures says clinicians could offer one or two follow-up visits, so this was not established as a single-session intervention. Table 3 also shows no significant month-1 difference between the BI and feedback-only groups, so the reduction cannot be attributed specifically to BI. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSingle-session brief interventions resulted in reduced alcohol use at 3 months.
“Concerning alcohol use, single session BI resulted in reduced use at month 1 [50,54]; 6 weeks [72], 3 months [50,61–64], and 6 months [50,52,60,72].”
From A scoping review of substance use brief interventions in Africa (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The Results (Changes in Alcohol Consumption over Time; page unavailable) show reduced alcohol consumption by three months in the feedback-plus-BI groups. But the Methods (RCT Design and Procedures; page unavailable) say clinicians could offer one or two brief follow-up visits, so this was not necessarily a single-session intervention. Consumption also fell in the feedback-only groups, and the three-month differences between groups were not statistically significant; the paper does not establish that a single BI session caused the reduction. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Murray, C. J. L., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30752-2 · Cited by 9,854 · see citing works
Models for Longitudinal Data: A Generalized Estimating Equation Approach
Zeger, S. L., Liang, K., & Albert, P. S. (1988) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531734 · Cited by 4,505 · see citing works
Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992) · Measuring Alcohol Consumption · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis
Vyas, S., & Kumaranayake, L. (2006) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czl029 · Cited by 3,280 · see citing works
A Purposeful Approach to the Constant Comparative Method in the Analysis of Qualitative Interviews
Boeije, H. (2002) · Quality and Quantity · doi:10.1023/a:1020909529486 · Cited by 3,073 · see citing works
Jakobsen, J. C., Gluud, C., Wetterslev, J., & Winkel, P. (2017) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-017-0442-1 · Cited by 2,747 · see citing works
Estimating the true global burden of mental illness
Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G., & Atun, R. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00505-2 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
Focus-group interview and data analysis
Rabiee, F. (2004) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2004399 · Cited by 2,050 · see citing works
van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P. M., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018 · Cited by 1,810 · see citing works
Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness.
(2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,786 · see citing works
Developmental Evaluation: Applying Complexity Concepts to Enhance Innovation and Use
Patton, M. Q. (2010) · Cited by 1,740 · see citing works
Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations
Kaner, E. F., Beyer, F. R., Muirhead, C., Campbell, F., Pienaar, E. D., Bertholet, N., Daeppen, J. B., Saunders, J. B., & Burnand, B. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004148.pub4 · Cited by 1,665 · see citing works
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-3325 · Cited by 1,519 · see citing works
Sandelowski, M. (2000) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/1098-240x(200006)23:3 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
When to Use Focus Groups and Why
Morgan, D. L., & Krueger, R. A. (1993) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483349008.n1 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
From Husserl to van Manen. A review of different phenomenological approaches
Dowling, M. (2006) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.11.026 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Students’ and instructors’ use of massive open online courses (MOOCs): Motivations and challenges
Hew, K. F., & Cheung, W. S. (2014) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2014.05.001 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries
Patel, V., Araya, R., Chatterjee, S., Chisholm, D., Cohen, A., De Silva, M., Hosman, C., McGuire, H., Rojas, G., & van Ommeren, M. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61240-9 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Livingston, J. D., Milne, T., Fang, M. L., & Amari, E. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03601.x · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use
ROOM, R. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230500102434 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Patel, V., Chisholm, D., Parikh, R., Charlson, F. J., Degenhardt, L., Dua, T., Ferrari, A. J., Hyman, S., Laxminarayan, R., Levin, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00390-6 · Cited by 889 · cited 13× · see citing works
“This finding is key, as stigma and a lack of emphasis on the need to provide services to those with risky substance use contribute to the dismal access to services in both HIC and LMICs (Corrigan & Watson, 2002; Corrigan et al., 2004; Room, 2005; van Boekel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialFocus group methodology: a review
Wilkinson, S. (1998) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.1998.10846874 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Patel, V., Weiss, H. A., Chowdhary, N., Naik, S., Pednekar, S., Chatterjee, S., De Silva, M. J., Bhat, B., Araya, R., King, M., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61508-5 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations
Kaner, E. F. S., Dickinson, H. O., Beyer, F. R., Campbell, F., Schlesinger, C., Heather, N., Saunders, J. B., Burnand, B., & Pienaar, E. D. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004148.pub3 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Powell, R. A., & Single, H. M. (1996) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/8.5.499 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Blended Learning in Health Professions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Liu, Q., Peng, W., Zhang, F., Hu, R., Li, Y., & Yan, W. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4807 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults.
Topolski, T. D., LoGerfo, J. P., Patrick, D. L., Williams, B., Walwick, J., & Patrick, M. B. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 661 · see citing works
The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews
O'Donnell, A., Anderson, P., Newbury-Birch, D., Schulte, B., Schmidt, C., Reimer, J., & Kaner, E. (2014) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt170 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Howe, L. D., Galobardes, B., Matijasevich, A., Gordon, D., Johnston, D., Onwujekwe, O. E., Patel, R., Webb, E. A., Lawlor, D. A., & Hargreaves, J. (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys037 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Fleming, M. F. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540370029032 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
(2010) · Cited by 476 · see citing works
George, P. P., Papachristou, N., Belisario, J. S. M., Wang, W., Wark, P. A., Cotič, Ž., Rasmussen, K., Sluiter, R., Sasco, E. R., Car, L. T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.04.010406 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
What can qualitative research do for randomised controlled trials? A systematic mapping review
O'Cathain, A., Thomas, K. J., Drabble, S. J., Rudolph, A., & Hewison, J. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002889 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Sinclair, P. M., Kable, A. K., Levett-Jones, T. L., & Booth, D. (2016) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.01.011 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Hjorthøj, C., Hjorthøj, A. R., & Nordentoft, M. (2012) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.11.025 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Galway, L. P., Corbett, K. K., Takaro, T. K., Tairyan, K., & Frank, E. (2014) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-14-181 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citationNorlyk, A., & Harder, I. (2010) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732309357435 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Rasmussen, K., Belisario, J. S. M., Wark, P. A., Molina, J. A. D. C., Loong, S. L., Cotič, Ž., Papachristou, N., Sasco, E. R., Car, L. T., Musulanov, E. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.04.010405 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Is low therapist empathy toxic?
Moyers, T. B., & Miller, W. R. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0030274 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Degenhardt, L., Glantz, M., Evans‐Lacko, S., Sadikova, E., Sampson, N., Thornicroft, G., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Al‐Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Helena Andrade, L., et al. (2017) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20457 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Sinclair, P. M., Kable, A. K., & Levett-Jones, T. L. (2015) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2015-1919 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Babor, T., Souza‐Formigoni, M. L. O., de Lacerda, R. B., Ling, W., McRee, B., Newcombe, D., Pal, H., Poznyak, V., et al. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03740.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Kaner, E. F. S. (1999) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/34.4.559 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
(2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203645727 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
van Ginneken, N., Chin, W. Y., Lim, Y. C., Ussif, A., Singh, R. K., Shahmalak, U., Purgato, M., Rojas‐García, A., Uphoff, E., McMullen, S., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009149.pub3 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Stigmatizing Attitudes About Mental Illness and Allocation of Resources to Mental Health Services
Corrigan, P. W., Watson, A. C., Warpinski, A. C., & Gracia, G. (2004) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1023/b:comh.0000035226.19939.76 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Leveraging e-Learning in Medical Education
Lewis, K. O., Cidon, M. J., Seto, T. L., et al. (2014) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2014.01.004 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Bridging the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide
Bolden, R., & Moscarola, J. (2000) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/089443930001800408 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
HUMENIUK, R. E., Dennington, & Ali, R. L. (2008) · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Maloney, S. R., Nicklen, P., Rivers, G., Foo, J., Ooi, Y. Y., Reeves, S., Walsh, K., & Ilić, D. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4346 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Salinsky, J., Heath, I., & Salinsky, M. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315378213-13 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
O’Cathain, A., Goode, J., Drabble, S. J., Thomas, K. J., Rudolph, A., & Hewison, J. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-215 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Maloney, S., Haas, R., Keating, J. L., Molloy, E., Jolly, B., Sims, J., Morgan, P., & Haines, T. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2040 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Mixed Methods and the Logic of Qualitative Inference
Spillman, L. (2014) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1007/s11133-014-9273-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Glenton, C., Lewin, S. A., & Scheel, I. B. (2011) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-53 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Recommendations for Planning and Reporting Focus Group Research
Betts, N. M., Baranowski, T., & Hoerr, S. L. (1996) · Journal of Nutrition Education · doi:10.1016/s0022-3182(96)70101-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
From mental health policy development in Ghana to implementation: what are the barriers?
Awenva, A. D., Read, U. M., Ofori-Attah, A. L., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Embleton, L., Atwoli, L., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. K. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053435 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
When You Do Not Have a Computer: Public-Access Computing in Developing Countries
Gómez, R. (2013) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2012.751573 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cost Comparison Model: Blended eLearning versus traditional training of community health workers
Sissine, M. E., Segan, R., Taylor, M. N., Jefferson, B., Borrelli, A., Koehler, M., & Chelvayohan, M. (2014) · Online Journal of Public Health Informatics · doi:10.5210/ojphi.v6i3.5533 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Chuma, J. M., & Molyneux, S. C. (2009) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czn050 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sengwana, M. J., & Puoane, T. R. (2004) · Curationis · doi:10.4102/curationis.v27i1.958 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fortin, M., Stewart, M., Ngangue, P., Almirall, J., Bélanger, M. F., Brown, J. B., Couture, M., Gallagher, F., Katz, A., Loignon, C., et al. (2021) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2650 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hill, E., Gurbutt, D., Makuloluwa, P. T. R., Gordon, M. A., Georgiou, R. F., Roddam, H., Seneviratne, S., Byrom, A., Pollard, K., Abhayasinghe, K. M. P. W., et al. (2021) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2021.1962832 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Training Residents in Community Health Centers: Facilitators and Barriers
Morris, C. G., & Chen, F. M. (2009) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1041 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
NICE medical education modules: an analysis of cost-effectiveness.
Walsh, K., Rutherford, A., Richardson, J., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Prevalence of Substance Abuse among Patients in General Medical Facilities in Kenya
Ndetei, D. M., Khasakhala, L. I., Ongecha-Owuor, F., Kuria, M. W., Mutiso, V., & Kokonya, D. (2009) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897070902802125 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMarrinan, H., Firth, S., Hipgrave, D. B., & Jimenez‐Soto, E. (2015) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.121 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Assanangkornchai, S., Nima, P., McNeil, E. B., & Edwards, J. G. (2015) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.09.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A test of the first course (Emergency Medicine) that is globally available for credit and for free
Frank, E., Tairyan, K., Everton, M., et al. (2016) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2016.02.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationTsuei, S. H., Clair, V., Mutiso, V., Musau, A., Tele, A., Frank, E., & Ndetei, D. M. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9775-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationClair, V., Rossa-Roccor, V., Mokaya, A. G., Mutiso, V., Musau, A., Tele, A., Ndetei, D. M., & Frank, E. (2019) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900201 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationClair, V., Mutiso, V., Frank, E., & Ndetei, D. M. (2016) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.585 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCost Effectiveness in Medical Education
Donaldson, L. (2021) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429091285 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Clair, V., Rossa-Roccor, V., Mutiso, V., Rieder, S., Musau, A., Frank, E., & Ndetei, D. M. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00914-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationNextGenU.org’s Free, Globally Available Online Training in Lifestyle Medicine
Rossa-Roccor, V., Malatskey, L., & Frank, E. (2017) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827616682444 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationClair, V., Atkinson, K., Musau, A., Mutiso, V., Bosire, E. N., Gitonga, I., Small, W., Ndetei, D. M., & Frank, E. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00781-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation2016 ASAM Annual Poster Presenter Abstracts
(2016) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000224 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Babor T Kaner E Nilsen P Robaina K Li Q Rapid review of current evidence for health promotion actions for hazardous and harmful alcohol use, with specific reference to low-and middle-income countries: WHO mainstreaming health promotion project 2013 World Health Organization
- Clair V Mutiso V Musau A Mokaya A Frank E Ndetei DM Decreasing stigma towards alcohol, tobacco and other substance use through online training [Abstract] Journal of Addiction Medicine 2016 10 3 E17 E18 10.1097/adm.0000000000000224 · DOI
- Dawson-Saunders, B., & Trapp, R. G. (1994). Basic & Clinical Biostatistics (2nd edn.). Prentice-Hall International.
- Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (2nd edn.). Sage Publications.
- Pope, C., Mays, N., & Popay, J. (2007). Synthesising qualitative and quantitative health research: A guide to methods. Open University Press. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10197069. Accessed 15 April 2020.
- World Health Organization. (2010). mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings. World Health Organization 23741783
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A scoping review of substance use brief interventions in Africa
Jaguga, F., Kiburi, S. K., Temet, E., Aalsma, M. C., Ott, M. A., Maina, R. W., Wachira, J., Mostert, C., Kosgei, G., Tenge, A., et al. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003340 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Clair, V., Musau, A., Mutiso, V., Tele, A., Atkinson, K., Rossa-Roccor, V., Bosire, E., Ndetei, D., & Frank, E.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Africa Mental Health Foundation (KE)
- University of Nairobi (KE)
- Corresponding author
- Clair, Veronic
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
- Published
- 2022-08-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3410-3437
- ISSN
- 1557-1874 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1882
- PMC
- PMC9373889
- OpenAlex
- W4290840549
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Grand Challenges Canada (9204)
- Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (16053)
- Annenberg Physician Training Program in Addiction Medicine
- IMPART Addiction Research Training
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- blended e-learning, ASSIST screening, alcohol screening, alcohol stigma, lay health workers, clinician training, smoking screening, substance use screening, low- and middle-income countries, Kenya, practice change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
