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CNS-Wide over Expression of Fractalkine Improves Cognitive Functioning in a Tauopathy Model

Finneran, Dylan J., Morgan, Dave, Gordon, Marcia N., Nash, Kevin R.·2019·Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
DOI 10.1007/s11481-018-9822-5PMC PMC6525127
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Graphical Abstract Regulating neuroinflammation is an attractive therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease. Microglial activation can not only drive pathology but also accelerate cognitive decline. The chemokine fractalkine regulates the microglial phenotype, increasing trophic support of neurons, and significantly improving cognitive functioning in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy.
Graphical Abstract Regulating neuroinflammation is an attractive therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease. Microglial activation can not only drive pathology but also accelerate cognitive decline. The chemokine fractalkine regulates the microglial phenotype, increasing trophic support of neurons, and significantly improving cognitive functioning in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 1 AAV4 over expressing sFKN transduced cells of the lateral ventricle leading to increased sFKN in the hippocampus. a Study design. Five-month old rTg4510s were injected with AAV4-sFKN (3.4 × 1012 vg/mL) and survived for two months prior to behavioral assessment. Tissue was collected at eight months of age. b A FKN ELISA showed increased sFKN in the hippocampus of animals injected with AAV4-sFKN compared to GFP-injected rTg4510 and uninjected tTA control mice (n = 9–12). c Anti-HA Western blot showed sFKN secretion into the CSF of AAV4-sFKN injected mice. d Representative images of sections stained for anti-HA showed positive staining in the ventricles of animals that received AAV4-sFKN, but not in control mice (scale bar = 250 μm). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * denotes p < 0.05 by Fisher’s LSD
Fig. 1 AAV4 over expressing sFKN transduced cells of the lateral ventricle leading to increased sFKN in the hippocampus. a Study design. Five-month old rTg4510s were injected with AAV4-sFKN (3.4 × 1012 vg/mL) and survived for two months prior to behavioral assessment. Tissue was collected at eight months of age. b A FKN ELISA showed increased sFKN in the hippocampus of animals injected with AAV4-sFKN compared to GFP-injected rTg4510 and uninjected tTA control mice (n = 9–12). c Anti-HA Western blot showed sFKN secretion into the CSF of AAV4-sFKN injected mice. d Representative images of sections stained for anti-HA showed positive staining in the ventricles of animals that received AAV4-sFKN, but not in control mice (scale bar = 250 μm). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * denotes p < 0.05 by Fisher’s LSDCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 AAV4 sFKN over expression reduced hyperactivity and improved novel mouse recognition. a Distance travelled in open field was reduced in sFKN animals; b arm entries Y-maze were reduced in sFKN animals. Locomotor activity of tTA (hatched bars) and NonTg (open bars) mice was lower than locomotor activity in AAV-GFP-injected transgenic mice in both tests. c Nontransgenic mice showed a preference (increased interaction time) for the novel object over the familiar object in the novel object recognition test, but the other test groups did not show a preference. d Nontransgenic, tTA and AAV-sFKN-treated mice showed a significant preference for interacting with a novel mouse, but AAV-GFP-treated mice did not. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. * denotes p < 0.05; *** denotes p < 0.001 by Fisher’s LSD
Fig. 2 AAV4 sFKN over expression reduced hyperactivity and improved novel mouse recognition. a Distance travelled in open field was reduced in sFKN animals; b arm entries Y-maze were reduced in sFKN animals. Locomotor activity of tTA (hatched bars) and NonTg (open bars) mice was lower than locomotor activity in AAV-GFP-injected transgenic mice in both tests. c Nontransgenic mice showed a preference (increased interaction time) for the novel object over the familiar object in the novel object recognition test, but the other test groups did not show a preference. d Nontransgenic, tTA and AAV-sFKN-treated mice showed a significant preference for interacting with a novel mouse, but AAV-GFP-treated mice did not. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. * denotes p < 0.05; *** denotes p < 0.001 by Fisher’s LSDCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Over expression of the ectodomain of FKN did not cause thermal hyperalgesia. Graph of latency to withdraw hind paw from hot plate. Over expression of the ectodomain of FKN (with mucin-like stalk), did not affect latency to respond to heat after. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12
Fig. 3 Over expression of the ectodomain of FKN did not cause thermal hyperalgesia. Graph of latency to withdraw hind paw from hot plate. Over expression of the ectodomain of FKN (with mucin-like stalk), did not affect latency to respond to heat after. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 sFKN over expression improved performance on RAWM but not on Reversal learning. a Graph of errors made during day 2 training in RAWM. Over expression of sFKN reduced average errors made on the last block of day 2; b Graph of total errors made on day 1 and day 2 of RAWM. sFKN reduced the total number of errors made on Day 2 compared to AAV-GFP injected rTg4510s. c Errors made during reversal testing. d Graph of total errors made during reversal testing. sFKN over expression did not reduce average errors per block compared GFP animals. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. * denotes p < 0.05; ** denotes p < 0.01; *** denotes p < 0.001 by Fisher’s LSD
Fig. 4 sFKN over expression improved performance on RAWM but not on Reversal learning. a Graph of errors made during day 2 training in RAWM. Over expression of sFKN reduced average errors made on the last block of day 2; b Graph of total errors made on day 1 and day 2 of RAWM. sFKN reduced the total number of errors made on Day 2 compared to AAV-GFP injected rTg4510s. c Errors made during reversal testing. d Graph of total errors made during reversal testing. sFKN over expression did not reduce average errors per block compared GFP animals. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. * denotes p < 0.05; ** denotes p < 0.01; *** denotes p < 0.001 by Fisher’s LSDCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 sFKN did not ameliorate tauopathy and increased insoluble total tau. a Graph of tau and phospho-tau levels from Western blot analysis. Soluble total tau (H150) and phospho-tau (pS199/202 & pS396) were unchanged by sFKN over expression. b Displays representative Western blots of monomeric tau at 55 kDa. c Graph of insoluble tau and phospho-tau levels from Western blot analysis. sFKN over expression increased insoluble total tau with trends for increased insoluble phospho-tau. d Displays representative Western blot images of monomeric tau at 55 kDa. Intensity of blots from all animals were averaged and converted to fold change for display. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. * denotes p < 0.05 by two-tailed Student’s t test
Fig. 5 sFKN did not ameliorate tauopathy and increased insoluble total tau. a Graph of tau and phospho-tau levels from Western blot analysis. Soluble total tau (H150) and phospho-tau (pS199/202 & pS396) were unchanged by sFKN over expression. b Displays representative Western blots of monomeric tau at 55 kDa. c Graph of insoluble tau and phospho-tau levels from Western blot analysis. sFKN over expression increased insoluble total tau with trends for increased insoluble phospho-tau. d Displays representative Western blot images of monomeric tau at 55 kDa. Intensity of blots from all animals were averaged and converted to fold change for display. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. * denotes p < 0.05 by two-tailed Student’s t testCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 sFKN over expression did not reduce pSer396 phospho-tau or Gallyas-positive tau tangles. a Representative images of hippocampi from mice treated with AAV-sFKN, AAV-GFP or control untreated tTA mice after staining by the Gallyas method for neurofibrillary tangles (left) or by immunostaining for pSer396 (right). Neurons expressing tau are visible in the CA subfield as dark reaction product. Scale bar = 200 μm. b Percentage area occupied by Gallyas reaction product was quantified on 8 sections per mouse, averaged to yield a single value per mouse, then averaged over all mice per treatment condition. Although there was a genotype effect with rTg4510 mice displaying tangles and tTA mice lacking tangles, there was no effect of treatment with sFKN compared with GFP. c Similar quantitation of pSer396 phospho-tau staining as measured by IHC yielded equivalent conclusions. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. *** denotes p < 0.001 by Fisher’s LSD
Fig. 6 sFKN over expression did not reduce pSer396 phospho-tau or Gallyas-positive tau tangles. a Representative images of hippocampi from mice treated with AAV-sFKN, AAV-GFP or control untreated tTA mice after staining by the Gallyas method for neurofibrillary tangles (left) or by immunostaining for pSer396 (right). Neurons expressing tau are visible in the CA subfield as dark reaction product. Scale bar = 200 μm. b Percentage area occupied by Gallyas reaction product was quantified on 8 sections per mouse, averaged to yield a single value per mouse, then averaged over all mice per treatment condition. Although there was a genotype effect with rTg4510 mice displaying tangles and tTA mice lacking tangles, there was no effect of treatment with sFKN compared with GFP. c Similar quantitation of pSer396 phospho-tau staining as measured by IHC yielded equivalent conclusions. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. *** denotes p < 0.001 by Fisher’s LSDCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 rTg4510s have reduced hippocampal volume. Graph of hippocampal volume. Hippocampal area was quantified across 8 equally spaced sections spanning the hippocampus per mouse, which were averaged to generate one value per animal and finally averaged across all mice in one treatment group. rTg4510s have reduced hippocampal volume compared to uninjected tTA and NonTg controls. Uninjected tTA mice also displayed reduced hippocampal volume compared to uninjected NonTg mice. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. * denotes p < 0.05 by Fisher’s LSD
Fig. 7 rTg4510s have reduced hippocampal volume. Graph of hippocampal volume. Hippocampal area was quantified across 8 equally spaced sections spanning the hippocampus per mouse, which were averaged to generate one value per animal and finally averaged across all mice in one treatment group. rTg4510s have reduced hippocampal volume compared to uninjected tTA and NonTg controls. Uninjected tTA mice also displayed reduced hippocampal volume compared to uninjected NonTg mice. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. * denotes p < 0.05 by Fisher’s LSDCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 sFKN over expression did not reduce microglial activation. a Representative images of CD45 and IBA-1 immunoreactivity. Scale bar = 20 μm. b Percentage area staining for CD45. c Percentage area staining for IBA-1. Immunoreactivity was quantified across 8 sections per mouse, which were averaged to generate one value per animal and finally averaged across all mice in one treatment group. rTg4510s displayed more area staining of CD45 and IBA-1 than uninjected tTA and NonTg controls, but sFKN did not reduce this staining. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. ** denotes p < 0.01, * denotes p < 0.05 by Fisher’s LSD
Fig. 8 sFKN over expression did not reduce microglial activation. a Representative images of CD45 and IBA-1 immunoreactivity. Scale bar = 20 μm. b Percentage area staining for CD45. c Percentage area staining for IBA-1. Immunoreactivity was quantified across 8 sections per mouse, which were averaged to generate one value per animal and finally averaged across all mice in one treatment group. rTg4510s displayed more area staining of CD45 and IBA-1 than uninjected tTA and NonTg controls, but sFKN did not reduce this staining. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 9–12. ** denotes p < 0.01, * denotes p < 0.05 by Fisher’s LSDCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 9 sFKN over expression increased Vegfa expression. Graph of log base-2 expression relative to uninjected nontransgenic control mice. Data analyzed using ΔΔCT method. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 4–7. ** denotes p < 0.01 by two-tailed Student’s t test
Fig. 9 sFKN over expression increased Vegfa expression. Graph of log base-2 expression relative to uninjected nontransgenic control mice. Data analyzed using ΔΔCT method. Data represented as mean ± SEM, n = 4–7. ** denotes p < 0.01 by two-tailed Student’s t testCC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Finneran, D. J., Morgan, D., Gordon, M. N., & Nash, K. R.
Venue
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2018-11-29
Volume
14
Issue
2
Pages
312-325
ISSN
  • 1557-1890
  • 1557-1904
DOI
10.1007/s11481-018-9822-5
PMC
PMC6525127
Cited by
34
References
21
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
Funders
Alzheimer's Association (ZEN-15-321311)

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