High-density lipoprotein subfractions and risk of coronary artery disease
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are inversely related to coronary artery disease risk. The HDL subfractions, however, seem to differ in their capacity to confer protection, with the large HDL2 subfraction appearing to be more important than the small HDL3 subfraction. Lipid-modifying drugs differ in their HDL-raising efficacy, and they also differ in how they affect HDL subfractions. Clinical trials show that raising total HDL cholesterol improves clinical and angiographic outcomes. It remains to be determined, however, whether a shift in distribution of HDL particles provides greater benefit than just an increase in total HDL.
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HDL2-cholesterol provides greater protection against coronary heart disease than HDL3-cholesterol.
“HDL2-cholesterol (HDL2-C) provides greater protection against coronary heart disease”
From Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
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“This reduction in HDL-C concentration is mostly driven by a potentially pro-atherogenic reduction in the presence of larger HDL particles [28].”
BackgroundHibernating brown bears are protected against atherogenic dyslipidemia
Giroud, S., Chery, I., Arrivé, M., Prost, M., Zumsteg, J., Heintz, D., Evans, A. L., Gauquelin‐Koch, G., Arnemo, J. M., Swenson, J. E., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98085-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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“…(HDL-C) is known to be a strong protector against coronary artery sclerosis (Cho, 2009; Tall, 1990) and a number of reports have provided a significant inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease (Cho, 2009; Jacobs et al., 1990; Laakso et al., 1988; Morgan et al., 2004).”
BackgroundParlesak, A., Eckoldt, J., Winkler, K., Bode, C. J., & Schäfer, C. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.13-78 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“On the other hand, significantly negative correlations between FERHDL and age (P 0.001), HDLC (P 0.001), HDL2-C (P 0.001) HDL3-C (P 0.001) and LDLa-C (P = 0.005) were observed respectively.”
InfluentialGamboa, R., Regalado, J. C., Huesca‐Gómez, C., Posadas‐Romero, C., París, J. V., Vargas‐Alarcón, G., & Pérez-Méndez, O. A. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“Several lines of evidence suggest that the protective effect of HDL is better reflected in the concentrations of HDL2-C than in those of total-HDL-C or HDL3-C [3,4].”
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“Various techniques exist to subdivide HDL particles into smaller and larger species, such as nuclear magnetic resonance and gradient gel electrophoresis.(2) In general, the larger the particle, the more cardioprotective it is thought to be.”
BackgroundMethodOksala, N., Seppälä, I., Hernesniemi, J. A., Lyytikäinen, L., Kähönen, M. A. P., Mäkelä, K.-M., Reunanen, A., Jula, A., Ala‐Korpela, M., & Lehtimäki, T. J. (2012) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2012.679962 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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“by the sizes of these lipoproteins but also by their lipid compositions [3,4,9-13].”
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High Levels of HDL Cholesterol Do Not Predict Protection From Cardiovascular Disease in Women
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“Our results reveal that the presence of a higher fraction of liver fat causes an alteration in the sizes and distribution of HDL subpopulations in young patients with T2DM, which may have future implications, as this distribution of HDL with lower concentrations of large HDL (HDL2b) particles and a higher concentratio…”
ResultPolydextrose in Lipid Metabolism
Putaala, H. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/51791 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The early studies, however, more strongly indicate that reduced levels of HDL2 over HDL3 is associated more strongly to CVD risk [62].”
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Pleiotropic effects on subclasses of HDL, adiposity, and glucose metabolism in adult Alaskan Eskimos
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“These lipoproteins may modulate vasomotor function thrombosis, cell-adhesion molecule expression, platelet function, nitric oxide release, endothelial cell apoptosis, and proliferation (Morgan et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHigh-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
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“Consistent with our findings, previous data have yielded an inverse relationship between HDL2 levels and CAD (9,10,24), carotid atherosclerosis (7,25), and type 2 diabetes (26).”
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Al‐Zoairy, R., Melmer, A., Ress, C., Laimer, M. W., Kaser, S., & Ebenbichler, C. F. (2012) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.12.9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“Among HDL particles, there are data to suggest that low concentrations of HDL2 and elevated concentrations of HDL3 contribute to CHD risk.(5) Elevated plasma activities of proteins that alter LDL and HDL composition including cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) have also…”
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Sphingolipidomic profile and HDL subfractions in obese dyslipidemic type 2 diabetic patients
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High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Toth, P. P., & Gotto, A. M. (2006) · Fundamental and clinical cardiology · doi:10.3109/9781420019667.008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fat, Fit, and Leading the Charge
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“With respect to the size of the HDL particles, the larger HDL2 particles have been associated with greater CHD protection than the smaller HDL3 particles [35, 36].”
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Emerging approaches to the examination of lipoproteins for cardio-metabolic risk stratification.
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“Third, factors related to the function of HDL, such as apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo A-II, HDL-2, and HDL-3 [41, 45, 46], were also unknown in this study.”
BackgroundSerological Biomarkers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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The Genetics of Coronary Heart Disease across Ethnicities and in those with Type 2 Diabetes
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Development and validation of a nomogram for premature coronary artery disease patients in Guangzhou
Sun, R., Guo, Q., Li, H., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · IJC Heart & Vasculature · doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2024.101457
“And large HDL2 subfraction appears to be more important for cardiovascular protection than the small HDL3 subfraction [30].”
- Authors
- Morgan, J., Carey, C., Lincoff, A., & Capuzzi, D.
- Affiliations
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Venue
- Current Atherosclerosis Reports
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 359-365
- ISSN
- 1523-3804 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-6242
- OpenAlex
- W2059400200
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Atherosclerosis Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
- Keywords
- high-density lipoprotein, HDL subfractions, HDL2, HDL3, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk, lipid-modifying drugs, HDL cholesterol, atherosclerosis
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Coronary Artery Disease, Humans, Hyperlipoproteinemias, Lipoproteins, HDL, Risk, Apolipoprotein A-I, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
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