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Challenges and Opportunities in Global Mental Health: a Research-to-Practice Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of review Globally, the majority of those who need mental health care worldwide lack access to high-quality mental health services. Stigma, human resource shortages, fragmented service delivery models, and lack of research capacity for implementation and policy change contribute to the current mental health treatment gap. In this review, we describe how health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are addressing the mental health gap and further identify challenges and priority areas for future research.Recent findings Common mental disorders are responsible for the largest proportion of the global burden of disease; yet, there is sound evidence that these disorders, as well as severe mental disorders, can be successfully treated using evidence-based interventions delivered by trained lay health workers in low-resource community or primary care settings. Stigma is a barrier to service uptake. Prevention, though necessary to address the mental health gap, has not solidified as a research or programmatic focus. Research-to-practice implementation studies are required to inform policies and scale-up services. Four priority areas are identified for focused attention to diminish the mental health treatment gap and to improve access to high-quality mental health services globally: diminishing pervasive stigma, building mental health system treatment and research capacity, implementing prevention programs to decrease the incidence of mental disorders, and establishing sustainable scale up of public health systems to improve access to mental health treatment using evidence-based interventions.
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“it became apparent in our framework refinement process that, particularly in mental health, stigma (e.g. self-stigma, family/community stigma, provider stigma, organizational or institutional-level stigma) is a force that can exert powerful influences on perceptions of mental health issues and treatments across all social actors and processes—including those in the intervention domain [39–42].”
From Barriers and facilitators to implementation of evidence-based task-sharing mental health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review using implementation science frameworks (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“existing models of mental health care will not adequately expand to meet the demand”
From The Opportunities and Risks of Large Language Models in Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Further, these studies seldom address sustainability by evaluating the mental health research-to-practice gap or leveraging human resources not dependent on research funding.4”
From Technology and implementation science to forge the future of evidence-based psychotherapies: The PRIDE scale-up study (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“This has led to a widely recognized mental health treatment gap, whereby more individuals are diagnosed with mental health problems than those who receive treatment [14, 15].”
From Explaining adults’ mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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Delaney, K. R. (2019) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2019.12.003 · Cited by 3
Community Substance Use Safety
Watts, J. R., McDaniels, B. W., Rivera-Torres, S., Resiak, D., Mpofu, E., & Redwine, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59687-3_6 · Cited by 3
Mental Health and Disability: Understanding the Complex Interplay
Sen, A., & Mohanraj, P. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_374-1 · Cited by 3
Community perceptions and attitudes toward serious mental illness in Cambodia
Phoeun, B., Khann, S., Chanthorn, L., Soung, T., Conroy, K., & Nguyen, A. J. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100308 · Cited by 2
Lipid and Glucose Profile across Different Mental Disorders
Abdel‐Qader, D. H., Albassam, A., Taybeh, E. O., Mazrouei, N. A., Meer, S. M. A., Al-Kubaisi, K. A., Ibrahim, R. M., Elnour, A. A., Ibrahim, O. M., & Aburuz, S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13092499 · Cited by 2
“Mental health is essential for each individual, everywhere [1].”
BackgroundCassiello-Robbins, C. F., Ritschel, L. A., Mochrie, K. D., Edwards‐Powell, B., & Byars, K. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3051 · Cited by 2
Abraham, T., Kabeta, T., & Gezahegn, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06453-0 · Cited by 2
Bidargaddi, N. P., Patrickson, B., Strobel, J., & Schubert, K. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116339 · Cited by 4
Guidelines for Integrating Technology in Clinical Practice
Taylor, N. C., Springer, P. R., & Bischoff, R. J. (2025) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/2692398x.2025.2496839 · Cited by 3
“The third guideline of integrating technology into clinical practice is based off the global mental health literature that argues that acceptability of care is just as important as the accessibility of ethical services (Bischoff et al., 2017; Robinson et al., 2012; Wainberg et al., 2017; WHO, 2011).”
Ejiohuo, O., Uteh, C. O., Olaleye, O. O., Lawal, S., Maigoro, A. Y., & Onyeaka, H. (2025) · Global Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2025.06.009 · Cited by 2
Pareek, S., & Jain, G. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00544-9 · Cited by 3
“Traditional mental health care models, reliant on in-person consultations, face significant constraints and challenges in meeting the growing prevalence of mental health issues (Qin & Hsieh, 2020; Wainberg et al., 2017).”
The political economy of adolescent mental health in Kenya
Tele, A., Nyamai, D. N., Shawar, Y. R., Nyongesa, V., Kiogora, S., Peterson, S., Obonyo, G., Cuijpers, P. J., & Kumar, M. (2025) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czaf057 · Cited by 2
“Developing and implementing affordable, accessible mental health services, especially in low-resource settings, will also address critical gaps (Wainberg et al. 2017).”
Nöthling, J., Willan, S., Gigaba, G., Chirwa, E., Mhlongo, S., MYERS, B. J., Spooner, E., Seedat, S., García‐Moreno, C., Jewkes, R. K., et al. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100513 · Cited by 2
A scoping review on the neurosequential model
Lindenbach, D., Desai, P., Berza, V., Lee, J., Okoye, H., Herman, P., Dimitropoulos, G., Arnold, P. D., & Wang, E. Y. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107745 · Cited by 3
A Literature Review on the Role of Paraprofessionals in Delivering Brief Psychological Interventions
Lubin, E. J., Xie, A., Chang, M., & Kim, Y.-S. (2025) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-025-01482-7 · Cited by 2
“…literature, many mental health interventions delivered by paraprofessionals took place in rural areas, marginalized communities, or low-and middle-income countries, where mental health needs were especially dire and access to credentialed providers was insufficient (e.g., Wainberg et al., 2017 ).”
Primary Healthcare Nurses: Key Role Players in Early Recognition of Mental Health Issues
Jansen, R., & Morifi, M. G. (2025) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2025.2571624 · Cited by 2
“Wainberg et al. (2017) also note that the integration efforts often fail due to inadequate staffing, insufficient education, and negative perceptions of individuals with mental health disorders.”
Eid, M., Kheir, V. A., Bizri, M., Larnaout, A., & Hayek, S. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1692267 · Cited by 4
“MUS are common worldwide and occur at particularly high rates in non-Western cultures and among ethnic minorities in high-income countries (2, 3).”
Tian, Y., Rajit, D., Shawyer, F., Ozols, I., Price, K. O., Callander, E. J., Inder, B., Rosenberg, S. P., Lakra, V., Fossey, E. M., et al. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251393164 · Cited by 4
“To address treatment gaps, the national need or demand for care must be regularly and accurately assessed to prioritize where resources are required most (Wainberg et al., 2017).”
Tesfay, N., Olsson, T. M., Jakobsson, T., Nilsson, P. V., & Skoog, T. (2026) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-025-01874-z · Cited by 3
“…contexts known to face chronic staffing shortages and high turnover rates (UNESCO & International Task Force on Teachers for Education 2030, 2023; Wainberg et al., 2017), high turnover (Astvik et al., 2020; Olsson et al., 2024a, b; Turley et al., 2020, 2021; Wei et al., 2022), and poor staff…”
School mental health promotion in Indonesia: a quantitative survey from Surabaya
Margaretha, M., Azzopardi, P. S., Fisher, J., & Sawyer, S. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1680302 · Cited by 10
Santos, J. P. L., Keller, L., Hartman, A. G., Chan, S., Phillips, M. L., & Soehner, A. M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121558 · Cited by 2
Meinert, E., Milne‐Ives, M., Taylor, E., Inkster, B., Paik, A., Ananthakrishnan, A., Orr, M., Costelloe, C., & Shankar, R. (2026) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640251415507 · Cited by 3
“Mental health concerns can have significant negative impacts (Mental Health, n.d.; World Health Assembly, 2012), but many people do not receive sufficient support (Wainberg et al., 2017).”
Okesanya, O. J., Oso, T. A., Hassan, M. M., Adebayo, U. O., Vandy, A., Othman, Z. K., Ali, I., Ahmed, M. M., Musa, S. S., Eshun, G., et al. (2026) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-026-01156-7 · Cited by 2
Wang, Q., Ma, S., Sun, J., Qi, X., Zhao, J., Ma, D., Liu, X., An, Q., Zhao, D., & He, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1859078 · Cited by 3
“However, global psychiatric health services are facing a critical resource shortage, with a substantial gap between supply and demand (8).”
Making the Case for Evidence-Based Leadership and Innovation
Melnyk, B. M., & Raderstorf, T. (2019) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826196255.0001 · Cited by 2
Over Depression and Mood Disorders among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Chodzen, G., Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067991.013.5 · Cited by 2
Sleep and Depression: What We Know and What to Learn?
Antsyborov, A. V., Kalinchuk, A. V., & Dubatova, I. V. (2020) · Interactive science · doi:10.21661/r-551927 · Cited by 3
Zhao, W., Chen, S., Hu, J., Zhou, Q. F., Tao, J., Gao, R., Zhang, J., Su, S., Wang, Y., Su, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.991465 · Cited by 2
Mannarino, J. A., Carrico, A. W., Ean, N., Bruce, S. E., Vandermause, R. K., Kryah, R., Stein, E. S., Bertram, J. E., Shom, V., & Paul, R. H. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107257 · Cited by 2
Representations of Mental Illness in a Ga Community in Southern Ghana
Dzokoto, V. A. A., Tutu, A. O., Kpobi, L. N. A., Banks, K. H., & Ryder, A. G. (2023) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984231192141 · Cited by 2
“…illness diagnoses predicts discrimination (especially in work and housing); motivates social distance due to often false or exaggerated beliefs and stereotypes; and negatively impacts attitudes towards help-seeking behavior for mental illness (Parcesepe & Cabassa, 2013; Wainberg et al., 2017).”
Sharma, R. S., Mirzakhalov, J., Bharti, P., Goyal, R., Schmidt, T., & Chellappan, S. (2023) · ACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies · doi:10.1145/3616382 · Cited by 3
“Mental health is a global concern and has been so for a long time [14, 64, 68, 76, 77, 89, 104, 112].”
BackgroundKullback-Leibler Divergence Based Method for Depression Diagnosis Using Video Data
Bhasin, H., Kumar, N., Singh, A., Manish, S., & Beniwal, R. P. (2023) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) · doi:10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10306745 · Cited by 2
Sharma, V. K., Odiyoor, M., Robinson, C., & Jaydeokar, S. (2023) · World Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/wsp.wsp_36_23 · Cited by 2
Identifying core global mental health professional competencies: A multi-sectoral perspective
Karadzhov, D., Lee, J., Hatton, G., White, R. G., Sharp, L., Jalloh, A., & Martin, J. L. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.26 · Cited by 2
“The current job market analysis also underscores the need to scale up access to professional development programmes for GMH professionals focusing on knowledge-to-practice translation (Wainberg et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialChitale, V., Henry, J. D., Liang, H., Matthews, B., & Baghaei, N. (2024) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101127 · Cited by 4
Shahsavar, Y., & Choudhury, A. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2024.100508 · Cited by 3
Bridging the Mental Health Divide: The TORENT Initiative in Chhattisgarh, India
Thakur, M., Govindan, R., Maheshwari, P., Suhas, S., Suchandra, H. H., Jain, S., Manjunatha, N., Kumar, C. N., & Math, S. B. (2025) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_638_23 · Cited by 2
“(2017), [4] the four areas worked upon to diminish the mental health treatment gap globally are to reduce stigma, build systems for treatment and research capacity, implement prevention programs and establish sustainable public health systems.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Wainberg, M. L., Scorza, P., Shultz, J. M., Helpman, L., Mootz, J. J., Johnson, K. A., Neria, Y., Bradford, J.-M. E., Oquendo, M. A., & Arbuckle, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wainberg, Milton L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2017-04-19
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 28-28
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC5553319
- OpenAlex
- W2606586703
- Cited by
- 875
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 117 · 2025: 179 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH096724)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- global mental health, mental health treatment gap, access to mental health care, mental health stigma, common mental disorders, severe mental illness, lay health workers, community mental health services, primary care, mental health prevention, implementation research, research capacity building, low- and middle-income countries, mental health policy
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Health Personnel, Humans, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Public Health, Global Health
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