Some practical considerations of ethical issues in VR research
Abstract
As scientific laboratories are an important domain of application of VR technology, ethical issues of VR have to be discussed with respect to research and the treatment of research subjects. Exposing participants to VR systems may raise ethical problems due to motion sickness, information overload, intensification of experience, and difficulties with reentry into the real world. The ethical guidelines which are typically applied to psychological research do not cover all of these problems in detail and have to be reconsidered, since they have not been developed with regard to the use of VR systems. Therefore, practical strategies to cope with the addressed ethical problems in VR research are recommended.
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The increasingly high amount of realism possible in VR settings could lead to sensory overload in vulnerable individuals.
“The increasingly high amount of realism possible in VR settings could lead to sensory overload (or “information overload”; Behr et al., 2005) in vulnerable individuals”
From Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Behr et al., 2005
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Cachia, A., Camilleri, V., Dingli, A., Galea, M., Grech, P., Sammut, A., & Scerri, J. (2021) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7888-9.ch006
(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.015
Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.017
Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.016
Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.001
Problematic Internet Use, Online Gambling, Smartphones, and Video Games
Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.008
Cyberlearning and Ethical Considerations for Using Technology with Children
Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.006
Forschungsgegenstand und -tool
Wölfel, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66908-2_17
Woods, A. T., Whittaker, L., Smith, N. T., Ispas, R., Moore, J., Morgan, R. D., & Bennett, J. B. (2024) · Virtual Worlds · doi:10.3390/virtualworlds3020009
Ethical Considerations as Limitations of Extended Reality
Indradevi, R., Venkataswamy, K. P., Saravanan, S. A., & Mittal, A. (2024) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2432-5.ch003
Beck, D. E., & Warren, S. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98080-0_12
Lui, P. P., Stringer, E., & Jouriles, E. N. (2025) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/15562646251372272
Hort, J., Orr, R. E., Poggesi, S., & Giezenaar, C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29139-5.00021-5
VR Onboarding Procedures for Multiple Collocated Users: See-Through Tutorials and Group Transitions
Schott, E., Zoeppig, T. J., Viriyathomrongul, P., Lammert, A. B., & Froehlich, B. (2025) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR · doi:10.1109/ismar67309.2025.00043
Preece, C., & Whittaker, L. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110755084-006
Future Trends in Research Ethics
Karmakar, D., Das, A., Bhutia, T. O., Govindasamy, K., & Mandal, A. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8302-5.ch015
Evaluating smoking prevention campaigns in virtual reality : an experimental ecological approach
Bonneterre, S. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/26239714z4f15z4bbdzba5az5a42f9e79ee8
Privacy & Safety Challenges of On-Body Interaction Techniques
Gerhardt, D., Bhardwaj, D., Ram, A., Zenner, A., Steimle, J., & Krombholz, K. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790403
Mapping risks and harms of eXtended reality (XR) technologies – A scoping review and novel typology
Voinov, C., Hagen, L. A., Baraas, R. C., Bernabe, R. D. L. C., & Cox, S. (2026) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.23621.1
Creating common virtual ground: Protocols to democratize open VR research
Zelderen, A. P. A. V., Masters-Waage, T. C., Affinito, S. J., Bekbergenova, A., Cowan, K. L., Hartmann, T., Hausfeld, M. M., Jolink, A., Korbel, J. J., Lynn, T., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2524991123
Self-citationBody-technology interfaces: digital corporeality and emerging psychopathology
Ricci, V., Martinotti, G., & Chiappini, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1740203
- Authors
- Behr, K.-M., Nosper, A., Klimmt, C., & Hartmann, T.
- Affiliations
- Hanover University of Music Drama and Media (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Klimmt, Christoph
- Venue
- Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 668-676
- ISSN
- 1054-7460 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002476817
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Keywords
- virtual reality research, research ethics, moral norms, motion sickness, information overload, psychological research ethics, research participants
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