Cited by 287Misinformation and Its ImpactsSocial and Intergroup PsychologyAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Effect of High-Anxiety Situations on Conspiracy Thinking

Grzesiak-Feldman, Monika·2013·Current Psychology

DOI 10.1007/s12144-013-9165-6

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12144-013-9165-6

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Untitled work
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383
Journal of the National Medical Association
(2010) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30622-2 · Cited by 5,338
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904
Intergroup Anxiety
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x · Cited by 1,448
Belief in conspiracy theories
Goertzel, T. (1994) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791630 · Cited by 1,094 · cited 1×
“Conspiracy theories provide simple answers for unanswered questions and an enemy to blame for the problem (Goertzel 1994), help to explain negative events (Dillinger 2004; Kofta and Sędek 2005), allow people to retain a sense of safety and predictability (Bale 2007; Leman 2007).”
Background
Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others.
Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31 · Cited by 1,047
Cognitive Approaches to Emotion and Emotional Disorders
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1994) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.000325 · Cited by 1,023
Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: Controlling attention to threat-related stimuli
Bishop, S., Duncan, J., Brett, M., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1173 · Cited by 940
Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function.
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., Simon, L., & Pinel, E. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.913 · Cited by 865
POLISH PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN
Brožek, J. (1972) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/0010961 · Cited by 786
A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety
Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (1998) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018738019346 · Cited by 756
Are Needs to Manage Uncertainty and Threat Associated With Political Conservatism or Ideological Extremity?
Jost, J. T., Napier, J. L., Þórisdóttir, H., Gosling, S. D., Palfai, T. P., & Ostafin, B. D. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207301028 · Cited by 728
Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000518 · Cited by 660
The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.338 · Cited by 647
Beliefs in conspiracies
Abalakina‐Paap, M., Stephan, W. G., Craig, T., & Gregory, W. L. (1999) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00160 · Cited by 589
The effects of feeling threatened on attitudes toward immigrants
Stephan, W. G., Renfro, C. L., Esses, V. M., Stephan, C. W., & Martin, T. (2005) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.04.011 · Cited by 521
Anxiety and attention to threatening pictures
Yiend, J., & Mathews, A. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755991 · Cited by 472
Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture
Fenster, M. A. (2008) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 471
Intergroup Contact: Introduction
Stephan, W. G., & Brigham, J. C. (1985) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01125.x · Cited by 432
Conservative Shift Among High-Exposure Survivors of the September 11th Terrorist Attacks
Bonanno, G. A., & Jost, J. T. (2006) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2804_4 · Cited by 405
Neural Processing of Fearful Faces: Effects of Anxiety are Gated by Perceptual Capacity Limitations
Bishop, S. J., Jenkins, R., & Lawrence, A. D. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl070 · Cited by 367
Depressive reactions to failure in a naturalistic setting: A test of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression.
Metalsky, G. I., Joiner, T. E., Hardin, T. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.1.101 · Cited by 364
An existential function of enemyship: Evidence that people attribute influence to personal and political enemies to compensate for threats to control.
Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017457 · Cited by 346
Phenomenological characteristics of attentional biases towards threat: A critical review
Cisler, J. M., Bacon, A. K., & Williams, N. L. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9161-y · Cited by 306
Automatic Activation of Stereotypes: The Role of Self-Image Threat
Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C., Fong, C. T., & Duinn, M. A. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672982411001 · Cited by 261
Anxiety in intergroup relations: a comparison of anxiety/uncertainty management theory and integrated threat theory
Stephan, W. G., Stephan, C. W., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1999) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(99)00012-7 · Cited by 254
The hidden impact of conspiracy theories: Perceived and actual influence of theories surrounding the death of Princess Diana
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2008) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.148.2.210-222 · Cited by 247 · cited 1×
“Kennedy (McHoskey 1995), through the death of Diana, Princess of Wales (Douglas and Sutton 2008) to the collapse of the World Trade Center (Fenster 2008).”
Background
Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From
Fukuyama, F., & Pıpes, D. (1998) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20048795 · Cited by 232
Global self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity.
Watson, D., Suls, J., & Haig, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.1.185 · Cited by 221
Political paranoia v. political realism: on distinguishing between bogus conspiracy theories and genuine conspiratorial politics
Bale, J. M. (2007) · Patterns of Prejudice · doi:10.1080/00313220601118751 · Cited by 217
Dimensions of test anxiety: Relations to ways of coping with pre-exam anxiety and uncertainty
Stöber, J. (2004) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800412331292615 · Cited by 190
Conspiracy Thinking in the Middle East
Zonis, M., & Joseph, C. (1994) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791566 · Cited by 177
Conspiracy Stereotypes of Jews During Systemic Transformation in Poland
AND, M. K., & SEDEK, G. (2005) · International Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1080/00207659.2005.11043142 · Cited by 165 · cited 10×
“Jewish people are perceived as a particularly threatening out-group (Bergmann 2008; Bilewicz 2007; Kofta and Sędek 2005), which may be connected with the ascription of conspiracy motives to them (Byford 2003; Bergmann 2008; Groh 1987b; Kofta and Sędek 2005; Krzemiński 1993; Pipes 1997).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Case Closed? On the John F. Kennedy Assassination: Biased Assimilation of Evidence and Attitude Polarization
McHoskey, J. W. (1995) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1703_7 · Cited by 158
The Conspiracy Mentality
Moscovici, S. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_9 · Cited by 147
Types of High Self-Esteem and Prejudice: How Implicit Self-Esteem Relates to Ethnic Discrimination Among High Explicit Self-Esteem Individuals
Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., & Zanna, M. P. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271580 · Cited by 141
American Roulette: The Effect of Reminders of Death on Support for George W. Bush in the 2004 Presidential Election
Cohen, F., Ogilvie, D. M., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2005) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00063.x · Cited by 140
Anti Semitism in America
Quinley, H. E., & Glock, C. Y. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 140
Changing Conceptions of Conspiracy
(1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3 · Cited by 133
Test anxiety, susceptibility to distraction and examination performance
Keogh, E., Bond, F. W., French, C. C., Richards, A., & Davis, R. E. (2004) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615300410001703472 · Cited by 115
Conspiracy Beliefs About HIV/AIDS and Birth Control Among African Americans: Implications for the Prevention of HIV, Other STIs, and Unintended Pregnancy
Bird, S. T., & Bogart, L. M. (2005) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2005.00396.x · Cited by 105
The Age of Anxiety: Conspiracy Theory and the Human Sciences
Irvine, S., Parish, J., & Parker, M. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/3089852 · Cited by 88
Relationship of African Americans' sociodemographic characteristics to belief in conspiracies about HIV/AIDS and birth control.
Bogart, L. M., & Thorburn, S. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 82
Anti‐Semitic Attitudes in Europe: A Comparative Perspective
Bergmann, W. (2008) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00565.x · Cited by 73
History as an Obstacle: Impact of Temporal-Based Social Categorizations on Polish-Jewish Intergroup Contact
Bilewicz, M. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207081540 · Cited by 70
The emergence of antisemitic conspiracy theories in Yugoslavia during the war with NATO
Byford, J. T., & Billig, M. S. (2001) · Patterns of Prejudice · doi:10.1080/003132201128811287 · Cited by 57
The Temptation of Conspiracy Theory, or: Why Do Bad Things Happen to Good People? Part I: Preliminary Draft of a Theory of Conspiracy Theories
Groh, D. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_1 · Cited by 51
Conspiracy Beliefs about HIV Infection Are Common But Not Associated with Delayed Diagnosis or Adherence to Care
Clark, A., Mayben, J. K., Hartman, C. M., Kallen, M. A., & Giordano, T. P. (2008) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2007.0249 · Cited by 48
Conspiracy Beliefs and Trust in Information About HIV/AIDS Among Minority Men Who Have Sex With Men
Hutchinson, A. B., Begley, E. B., Sullivan, P. S., Clark, H. A., Boyett, B. C., & Kellerman, S. (2007) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3181151262 · Cited by 48
Anti-Semitism without Jews : communist Eastern Europe
Lendvai, P. (1971) · Doubleday eBooks · Cited by 38
The born conspiracy
Leman, P. J. (2007) · The New Scientist · doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61774-6 · Cited by 31
Antecedents and consequences of coping in the anticipatory stage of an exam: A longitudinal study emphasizing the role of affect
Rovira, T., Castro, J. F., & Edo, S. (2005) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800500134654 · Cited by 28
Conspiracy Thinking and State-Trait Anxiety in Young Polish Adults
Grzesiak-Feldman, M. (2007) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.100.1.199-202 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Anti-Semitic Themes and the British Far Left: Some Social-Psychological Observations on Indirect Aspects of the Conspiracy Tradition
Billig, M. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_7 · Cited by 27
Memory bias in the recall of pre‐exam anxiety: the influence of self‐enhancement
Dewhurst, S. A., & Marlborough, M. (2003) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.903 · Cited by 23
The Age of Anxiety
Parish, J. (2000) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2000.tb03517.x · Cited by 19
The Temptation of Conspiracy Theory, or: Why Do Bad Things Happen to Good People? Part II: Case Studies
Groh, D. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_2 · Cited by 18
‘Serbs never hated the Jews’: the denial of antisemitism in Serbian Orthodox Christian culture
Byford, J. T. (2006) · Patterns of Prejudice · doi:10.1080/00313220600634345 · Cited by 17
Terrorists and witches: popular ideas of evil in the early modern period
Dillinger, J. (2004) · History of European Ideas · doi:10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2004.03.001 · Cited by 16
Anti-Semitism the World Over in the Twenty-first Century
Simon, R. J., & Schaler, J. A. (2007) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-007-9012-8 · Cited by 15
The Topic of the Jewish Conspiracy in Russia (1905–1920), and the International Consequences
Poliakov, L. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_6 · Cited by 12
Advances in conspiracy theory
Sharp, D. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61570-6 · Cited by 12
Antisemitism in today's Poland: Research hypotheses
Krzemiński, I. (1993) · Patterns of Prejudice · doi:10.1080/0031322x.1993.9970102 · Cited by 11
Anti-Semitism and the Christian Right in post-Milosevic Serbia: From conspiracy theory to hate crime
Byford, J. D. (2003) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 10
Anti-Semitism in America.
Heller, C. S., Quinley, H. E., & Glock, C. Y. (1982) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2578427 · Cited by 9
Cuba, Castro and Anti-Semitism
Horowitz, I. L. (2007) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-007-9016-4 · Cited by 5

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Harris, A. L. (2009). Conspiracy theories in African American Culture: a concept analysis. Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, 13, 16–19.
Kofta, M., & Narkiewicz-Jodko, W. (2001). Wartości a bytowość grupy, stereotypy spiskowe, i uprzedzenia [Values, group entitativity, and conspiracy stereotypes as determinants of prejudice]. In D. Doliński & B. Weilg (Eds.), Od myśli i uczuć do decyzji i działań (pp. 59–74). Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Instytutu Psychologii PAN.
Wrześniewski, K., Sosnowski, T., & Matusik, D. (2002). Inwentarz Stanu i Cechy Lęku STAI [The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI]. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.

Sorted by citations

Understanding Conspiracy Theories
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12568 · Cited by 1,511
The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417718261 · Cited by 1,316
“Studies have shown that people are likely to turn to conspiracy theories when they are anxious (Grzesiak-Feldman, 2013) and feel powerless (Abalakina-Paap, Stephan, Craig, & Gregory, 1999).”
Background
Measuring Individual Differences in Generic Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories Across Cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire
Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225 · Cited by 1,049
“For example, recent articles discussed the influence of uncertainty and perceptions of morality (Van Prooijen and Jostmann, 2013) as well as the influence of anxiety-inducing situations (Grzesiak-Feldman, 2013) on conspiracist ideation.”
Background
Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006 · Cited by 726
COVID-19 conspiracy theories
Douglas, K. M. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220982068 · Cited by 404

See all 287

Authors: Grzesiak-Feldman, M.
Affiliations: University of Warsaw (PL)
Corresponding author: Grzesiak-Feldman, Monika
Venue: Current Psychology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-01-26
Volume: 32
Issue: 1
Pages: 100-118
ISSN: 1046-1310 (ISSN-L)
1936-4733
DOI: 10.1007/s12144-013-9165-6
OpenAlex: W2041615716
Cited by: 287
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 12.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Psychology (publishedVersion)
Funders: Uniwersytet Warszawski
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: conspiracy beliefs, anxiety, state anxiety, trait anxiety, situational factors, threat processing, pre-exam anxiety

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Effect of High-Anxiety Situations on Conspiracy Thinking

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks